Nokea
Who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes?
- A. Sigmund Freud
- B. B.F. Skinner
- C. Carl Rogers
- D. Abraham Maslow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B.F. Skinner. Skinner proposed the theory of operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped by its consequences. Positive outcomes increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while neutral or negative outcomes decrease it. Sigmund Freud (choice A) is known for his psychoanalytic theory, Carl Rogers (choice C) for person-centered therapy, and Abraham Maslow (choice D) for the hierarchy of needs.
You may also like to solve these questions
According to the diathesis-stress model, having a predisposition towards mental illness...
- A. Means that a person will surely develop a mental disorder in the future
- B. Does not affect the chances of developing a mental disorder
- C. Increases the chance that a person would have a mental disorder
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: According to the diathesis-stress model, having a predisposition towards mental illness increases the risk but does not guarantee the development of a mental disorder. Choice A is incorrect as the model does not imply certainty. Choice B is incorrect as having a predisposition does affect the chances. Choice D is incorrect as the model does have an impact on the likelihood of developing a mental disorder.
A psychologist who is interested in the psychological effect of aging would most likely specialize in?
- A. Developmental psychology.
- B. Experimental psychology.
- C. Cognitive psychology.
- D. Psychometrics.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A psychologist interested in the psychological effect of aging would most likely specialize in developmental psychology. Developmental psychology focuses on studying the psychological changes that occur throughout a person's lifespan, including the effects of aging. Experimental psychology primarily deals with conducting experiments to study behavior and cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving. Psychometrics involves the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, aptitude, and personality traits, but it does not specifically address the psychological effects of aging as in developmental psychology.
What is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders called?
- A. Industrial psychology.
- B. Social psychology.
- C. Developmental psychology.
- D. Clinical psychology.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Clinical psychology. Clinical psychology specifically deals with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Industrial psychology (choice A) focuses on behavior in the workplace, social psychology (choice B) studies how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others, and developmental psychology (choice C) is the study of how and why people change over time.
What are influences that are unusual events with a major impact on individual lives because they disrupt the expected sequence of the life cycle?
- A. Nonnormative influences
- B. Normative history-graded influence
- C. Normative age-graded influence
- D. Sensitive period
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nonnormative influences refer to unusual events that have a significant impact on individuals' lives by disrupting the typical life cycle. They are events that are not typical for a specific age or cohort. Normative history-graded influences (choice B) are common influences shared by a specific generation due to historical circumstances. Normative age-graded influences (choice C) are typical events that occur at a particular age for most people. A sensitive period (choice D) is a biologically determined time during which specific experiences have a lasting impact on development.
What term describes exceptional mental abilities such as mental math, memorization, musical, and artistic ability found among individuals with autism?
- A. Savant skills
- B. Theory of mind
- C. Echolalia
- D. Self-stimulatory behaviors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Savant skills. Savant skills refer to exceptional abilities commonly observed in individuals with autism. These skills can include remarkable talents in areas such as mental math, memorization, music, and art. Choice B, Theory of mind, is the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, which is a different concept. Choice C, Echolalia, is the repetition of words or phrases, not related to exceptional abilities. Choice D, Self-stimulatory behaviors, involves repetitive body movements or sounds often seen in individuals with autism but is not directly related to exceptional mental abilities.