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World War I contributed to the advancement of health care by:
- A. increasing the number of private care hospitals and decreasing the role of public health services.
- B. employing a large number of civilians to provide care to returning soldiers through the Red Cross.
- C. introducing specialists in nursing such as nurse anesthetists.
- D. increasing the number of community health nurses.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because World War I led to the introduction of specialized roles in nursing, such as nurse anesthetists, to address the increasing medical needs of soldiers. This advancement in nursing specialization improved the quality of care provided during the war and paved the way for future developments in healthcare.
Choice A is incorrect because World War I actually increased the role of public health services to address the healthcare needs of the population during the war. Choice B is incorrect as the Red Cross primarily provided emergency medical care during the war, not long-term healthcare advancements. Choice D is incorrect as there is no direct evidence that World War I specifically increased the number of community health nurses.
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The statement, "Nursing is a caring profession that focuses on helping people be as healthy as possible," is an example of a:
- A. concept.
- B. construct.
- C. philosophy.
- D. model.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: philosophy. This statement reflects the fundamental beliefs and values that guide the practice of nursing. It outlines the core principles of nursing, emphasizing caring and promoting health. A concept (A) refers to a general idea or notion. A construct (B) is an abstract idea or theory. A model (D) is a representation or framework used to explain a phenomenon. In this case, the statement is more aligned with a philosophy as it encapsulates the overarching principles and purpose of nursing practice.
A nurse realizes that much time is wasted during shift report when coworkers discuss personal items such as recent movies or department store sales. Which statement would help with time management during this critical interaction?
- A. "Let's talk only about one movie you recently watched."
- B. "I like to know about department store sales, but we need to get through this report, so let's talk about sales as we walk between patient rooms."
- C. "I know your shift has been busy. What went wrong?"
- D. "I have the list of patients; let's start with revisions to the plan of care and scheduled activities for the next shift."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because it directly addresses the issue of time management during shift report by focusing on the essential tasks that need to be discussed. By starting with revisions to the plan of care and scheduled activities for the next shift, the nurse ensures that the most critical information is covered efficiently. This approach helps prioritize the discussion and prevent unnecessary time spent on non-essential topics.
Option A is incorrect because limiting the discussion to just one movie does not address the overall time management issue during shift report. Option B is incorrect because discussing department store sales while walking between patient rooms may still lead to distractions and inefficiencies in the report.
Option C is incorrect as it focuses on what went wrong during the shift rather than addressing the need for efficient time management during the report. The correct answer, D, is the most effective choice as it directly tackles the issue of time wasted during shift report by emphasizing the essential tasks that need to be covered.
During height and weight assessments at a school's health fair, a child admits to drinking a cup of coffee with his mother every morning, and another child reports enjoying a morning cup of coffee on the commute to school. These two children are both below average on the height chart, and the nurse states, "Drinking coffee stunts a child's growth." This logical fallacy is referred to as:
- A. appeal to common practice.
- B. confusing cause and effect.
- C. ad hominem abusive.
- D. red herring.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: confusing cause and effect. The nurse's statement implies that drinking coffee causes the children to be below average in height, which is a logical fallacy. Height is determined by genetics, nutrition, and overall health factors, not by drinking coffee. The nurse is mistakenly attributing the children's height to their coffee consumption without considering other relevant factors. This error in reasoning is known as confusing cause and effect.
A: Appeal to common practice is when an argument is justified based on the fact that many people do it, which is not relevant to the coffee consumption issue.
C: Ad hominem abusive is attacking the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself, which is not the case here.
D: Red herring is when irrelevant information is used to distract from the main issue, which is not the case in this scenario.
A client is hypertensive, and the doctor prescribes weight reduction. The client is excited about beginning the diet, but on arriving home the spouse states, "You have always been fat, and I am not going to starve because you can't control yourself." The client becomes anxious and is unable to participate in the diet plan, resulting in a weight gain of 5 pounds in 2 weeks. Which theorist could best be referred to for guidance regarding interventions in this situation?
- A. Martha E. Rogers
- B. Hildegard E. Peplau
- C. Florence Nightingale
- D. Myra Estrin Levine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hildegard E. Peplau. Peplau's nursing theory focuses on interpersonal relations, emphasizing the nurse-client relationship. In this situation, the client's anxiety and inability to participate in the diet plan are directly related to the negative interaction with the spouse. Peplau's theory suggests that the nurse can intervene by providing emotional support, facilitating communication, and helping the client manage anxiety. Rogers' theory focuses on the science of unitary human beings, which is not directly applicable here. Nightingale's theory emphasizes environmental factors, not interpersonal relationships. Levine's theory focuses on conservation principles, which are not directly relevant to addressing the client's anxiety and relational issues. Therefore, Peplau's theory best guides interventions in this situation.
A nurse is assisting with the delivery of twins. The first infant is placed on the scale to be weighed. The physician requests an instrument stat. The nurse turns to hand the instrument to the physician, and the infant falls off the scale. When evaluating the incident, the nurse and her manager list contributory factors such as the need for two nurses when multiple births are known, and the location of the scale so far from the delivery field. These nurses are performing a(n):
- A. standardization of care.
- B. root cause analysis.
- C. process variation.
- D. analysis of a deployment flowchart.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: root cause analysis. Root cause analysis involves identifying the underlying causes of an incident to prevent its recurrence. In this scenario, the nurse and manager are examining factors contributing to the infant falling off the scale. They are looking beyond the immediate event to understand the systemic issues that led to the incident, such as the need for additional staff during multiple births and the placement of the scale far from the delivery field. By conducting a root cause analysis, they aim to address these underlying issues and prevent similar incidents in the future.
A: Standardization of care refers to consistent application of best practices, which is not the focus of the nurse and manager's actions in this situation.
C: Process variation involves analyzing inconsistencies in processes, which is not the primary concern in this incident.
D: Analysis of a deployment flowchart examines the flow of resources in a process, which is not directly related to identifying the root causes of the incident.