Nokea
You assess a 24-year-old patient with RA who is considering using methotrexate (Rheumatrex) for treatment. Which information is most important to communicate with the physician?
- A. The patient has many concerns about the safety of the drug.
- B. The patient has been trying to get pregnant.
- C. The patient takes a daily multivitamin tablet.
- D. The patient says that she has taken methotrexate in the past.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Methotrexate is teratogenic and should not be used during pregnancy. If the patient is trying to get pregnant this is a critical consideration that must be discussed with the physician before starting the medication. The other information while important does not have the same immediate implications for treatment.
You may also like to solve these questions
What is the medical term for the breakdown of red blood cells?
- A. Leukocytosis
- B. Thrombocytosis
- C. Hemolysis
- D. Anemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hemolysis. Hemolysis is the medical term for the breakdown of red blood cells. This process releases hemoglobin and other components into the bloodstream. Leukocytosis (A) is an increase in white blood cells, thrombocytosis (B) is an increase in platelets, and anemia (D) is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin levels. In this context, hemolysis specifically refers to the breakdown of red blood cells, making it the correct answer.
A small lesion is discovered in a patient’s lung when an x-ray is performed for cervical spine pain. What is the definitive method of determining if the lesion is malignant?
- A. Lung scan
- B. Tissue biopsy
- C. Oncofetal antigens in the blood
- D. CT or positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tissue biopsy provides definitive diagnosis by examining the lesion's cellular characteristics.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is experiencing an immune response involving B and T cells. Which type of immunity is the patient demonstrating?
- A. Passive immunity
- B. Humoral immunity
- C. Acquired immunity
- D. Cell-mediated immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humoral immunity. Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies to target pathogens. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph to neutralize pathogens. This type of immunity is specific to antigens and is a key component of the adaptive immune response. Passive immunity (A) is when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another, not involving B and T cells directly. Acquired immunity (C) is a broad term encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated immunity (D) involves T cells directly targeting infected cells, not B cells producing antibodies.
Adding adjuvants in Flu vaccines, such as AS03 used in Canada in the 2009 H1N1 vaccine is thought to
- A. Induce danger signals
- B. Generally boost the innate immune response
- C. Create a slower release of antigen (antigen depot)
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Adjuvants like AS03 induce danger signals by activating innate immunity, enhancing the response to the vaccine.
Step 2: Adjuvants generally boost the innate immune response by increasing antigen presentation and cytokine production.
Step 3: Adjuvants create a slower release of antigen, forming an antigen depot which prolongs immune stimulation.
Summary: Choice D is correct because adjuvants like AS03 do induce danger signals, boost the innate immune response, and create a slower release of antigen, leading to enhanced vaccine efficacy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not encompass all the effects of adjuvants in flu vaccines.
Which of the following is NOT true about multiple sclerosis (MS)
- A. Sex bias observed with males more at risk of developing the disease
- B. Incidence higher in northern countries
- C. Symptoms caused by demyelination of neurons
- D. EAE is an animal model for MS induced by injection with myelin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sex bias observed with males more at risk of developing the disease. This statement is NOT true because MS actually has a sex bias towards females, with women being more at risk. This is due to hormonal, genetic, and immunological factors. The other choices are true: B is correct as MS is more common in northern regions, possibly due to environmental factors; C is correct since MS is characterized by demyelination of neurons leading to various symptoms; and D is correct as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model often used to study MS, induced by injecting myelin components to trigger an immune response.