Nokea
How should hydration status be assessed in a child with vomiting and diarrhea?
- A. Check skin turgor and mucous membranes
- B. Measure blood glucose levels
- C. Assess heart rate and blood pressure
- D. Evaluate bowel sounds
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Checking skin turgor and mucous membranes is the appropriate method to assess hydration status in a child with vomiting and diarrhea. Skin turgor is an indicator of skin elasticity, which decreases when an individual is dehydrated. Mucous membranes, such as the inside of the mouth, can also show signs of dehydration like dryness. Measuring blood glucose levels (choice B) is not relevant to assessing hydration status in this scenario. Assessing heart rate and blood pressure (choice C) is important in evaluating the overall condition of a child but may not directly indicate hydration status. Evaluating bowel sounds (choice D) is more related to assessing gastrointestinal function rather than hydration status.
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Which individual is making a food choice based on negative association?
- A. A tourist from China who rejects a hamburger due to unfamiliarity
- B. A child who spits out his mashed potatoes because they taste too salty
- C. A teenager who grudgingly accepts an offer for an ice cream cone to avoid offending a close friend
- D. An elderly gentleman who refuses a peanut butter and jelly sandwich because he considers it a child's food
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Choice D is the correct answer because the elderly gentleman is refusing the peanut butter and jelly sandwich due to his negative association of considering it a child's food. This negative association influences his food choice. Choices A, B, and C do not involve negative associations with the food being consumed. Choice A is based on unfamiliarity, Choice B is due to taste preference, and Choice C is driven by social considerations rather than negative food association.
What is critical for preventing complications in an infant with hypothyroidism?
- A. Excessive growth
- B. Cognitive impairment
- C. Damage to the nervous system
- D. Damage to the urinary system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cognitive impairment. In infants with hypothyroidism, prompt administration of oral thyroid hormone replacement is crucial to prevent cognitive impairment and other serious complications. Excessive growth (choice A) is not a typical complication of hypothyroidism in infants. While hypothyroidism can affect the nervous system (choice C), cognitive impairment is more specific to untreated cases. Damage to the urinary system (choice D) is not a common complication of hypothyroidism in infants.
What is the main purpose of the initial assessment of a child with a suspected fracture?
- A. To determine the type of fracture
- B. To check for potential complications
- C. To identify the cause of the injury
- D. To plan for long-term rehabilitation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The main purpose of the initial assessment of a child with a suspected fracture is to check for potential complications, such as neurovascular impairment, and to ensure appropriate treatment. Choice A is incorrect because determining the type of fracture usually requires imaging studies like X-rays, which may not be part of the initial assessment. Choice C is incorrect because identifying the cause of the injury is important for the history-taking part but may not be the main purpose of the initial assessment. Choice D is incorrect because long-term rehabilitation planning typically occurs after the acute phase of fracture management.
What is the study of how a person's genes interact with nutrients?
- A. genetic counseling
- B. nutritional genomics
- C. genetic metabolomics
- D. nutritional genetics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nutritional genomics, the correct answer, specifically focuses on how a person's genes interact with nutrients, affecting health and disease. Genetic counseling (choice A) refers to the process of helping people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological, and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease. Genetic metabolomics (choice C) combines genetic and metabolomic data to study metabolic pathways. Nutritional genetics (choice D) generally refers to the broader field of genetics as it relates to nutrition, while nutritional genomics, the most precise term, delves into the specific gene-nutrient interactions.
What is one function of water in the human body?
- A. Water provides calories for energy.
- B. Water helps transport nutrients and waste products.
- C. Water acts as a solvent for many biological reactions.
- D. Water maintains body temperature.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Water helps transport nutrients and waste products. Water plays a crucial role in the body by aiding in the transportation of essential nutrients to cells and removing waste products. While water is essential for various metabolic processes, it does not provide calories for energy (choice A). Although water can act as a solvent for biological reactions (choice C), its primary function is not as a solvent. Additionally, while water does help in regulating body temperature to some extent, its main role is not to maintain body temperature (choice D).