Nokea
A nurse is working as a member of a research team involved in exploring the unique response to drugs each individual displays based on genetic make-up. What is this area of study is called?
- A. Pharmacotherapeutics
- B. Pharmacodynamics
- C. Pharmacoeconomics
- D. Pharmacogenomics
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pharmacogenomics is the area of study that includes mapping of the human genome. In the future, medical care and drug regimens may be personally designed based on a patient's unique genetic make-up. Pharmacotherapeutics is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the uses of drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease. Pharmacodynamics involves how a drug affects the body. Pharmacoeconomics includes the costs involved in drug therapy.
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To prevent life-threatening events from rapid withdrawal of a beta blocker:
- A. The dosage interval should be increased by 1 hour each day.
- B. An alpha blocker should be added to the treatment regimen before withdrawal.
- C. The dosage should be tapered over a period of weeks.
- D. The dosage should be decreased by one-half every 4 days.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tapering over weeks prevents rebound hypertension or ischemia.
When reviewing the phases of drug development, the nurse finds a discussion about the postmarketing surveillance phase. Which one of the following activities would the nurse expect to find as being carried out during this phase?
- A. Health care providers report adverse effects to FDA.
- B. Healthy volunteers are involved in the test.
- C. In vitro tests are performed using human cells.
- D. The drug is given to patients with the disease.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The postmarketing surveillance phase of drug development encourages health care professionals to report adverse effects of drugs to the FDA using MedWatch. Phase 1 of clinical testing involves 20 to 100 healthy volunteers. In vitro testing of the drug on human or animal cells is done in the pre-FDA phase. In Phase 2 of clinical testing, the drug is given to patients with the disease for which the drug is manufactured.
Education of women who are being treated with ophthalmic antibiotics for conjunctivitis includes:
- A. Throwing away eye makeup and purchasing new
- B. Redness and intense burning is normal with ophthalmic antibiotics
- C. When applying eye ointment, set the tip of the tube on the lower lid and squeeze in 1/4 inch
- D. Use a cotton swab to apply ointment, spreading the ointment all over the lid and in the conjunctival sac
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Discarding makeup prevents reinfection; burning isn't normal, and application is incorrect.
When prescribing an opioid analgesic such as acetaminophen and codeine (Tylenol #3), instructions to the patient should include:
- A. The medication may cause sedation and they should not drive.
- B. Constipation is a common side effect and they should increase fluids and fiber.
- C. Patients should not take any other acetaminophen-containing medications at the same time.
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All are critical: sedation, constipation, and acetaminophen overdose risks.
A nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription for Escitalopram for treatment of generalized Anxiety disorder. Which of the following statements by the client indicates understanding of the teaching?
- A. I should take the medication on an empty stomach.
- B. I will follow a low-sodium diet while making this medication.
- C. I should not crush this medication before swallowing.
- D. I should not crush this medication before swallowing.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Escitalopram should not be crushed to maintain its effectiveness; food and sodium restrictions are not required.