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Define the following terms: Intervention study
- A. A study where researchers observe natural behaviors.
- B. A study where researchers manipulate variables to assess impact.
- C. A study analyzing past records.
- D. A study based solely on surveys.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intervention studies involve deliberate manipulation of variables by researchers.
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The nature of common source epidemic:
- A. scattered effect
- B. explosive
- C. more prevalence rate
- D. all of above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Common-source epidemics are characterized by a rapid increase in cases, hence explosive.
Plotted curve usually begins in the lower left corner
- A. Cumulative frequency curve
- B. Survival curve
- C. Both
- D. Neither
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cumulative frequency curves start at the lower left corner.
What is the RR of dying of lung cancer for smokers versus nonsmokers?
- A. 7
- B. 10.14
- C. 15
- D. 20
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: RR = (Death rate among smokers / Death rate among nonsmokers) = 71 / 7 = 10.14. This indicates that smokers are approximately 10 times more likely to die of lung cancer than nonsmokers.
Define in your own words the term 'risk factor'.
- A. A characteristic or exposure that increases the likelihood of developing a disease.
- B. A factor that decreases disease risk.
- C. A protective measure against illness.
- D. A statistical anomaly in health data.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure that increases the probability of an individual developing a disease or health condition.
Describe the significance for epidemiology of the identification of specific agents of disease.
- A. It allows for targeted treatments.
- B. It proves that all diseases are infectious.
- C. It eliminates the need for surveillance.
- D. It focuses solely on chronic diseases.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Identifying specific agents enables effective prevention, control, and treatment strategies.