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Discuss the possible health effects that have been associated with exposure to electric and magnetic fields and ionizing radiation.
- A. EMF: unclear evidence; Ionizing: cancer risk.
- B. EMF: immediate death; Ionizing: no known risks.
- C. EMF: improved sleep; Ionizing: enhanced mood.
- D. EMF: faster metabolism; Ionizing: increased energy.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Evidence linking EMFs to health effects is inconclusive, while ionizing radiation is a well-established carcinogen.
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Define the following terms: latency
- A. The time between exposure to a hazard and the onset of symptoms.
- B. The strength of a chemical bond.
- C. The period during which a disease is contagious.
- D. The duration of a clinical trial.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Latency refers to the delay between exposure to a harmful agent and the manifestation of health effects.
What is likely to be the best routinely available data source for each of the following kinds of studies?
- A. Hospital discharge survey
- B. Cancer registries
- C. National Health Survey
- D. Disease registries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cancer registries are dedicated to collecting data on cancer incidence and outcomes, offering the most precise information on cancer morbidity.
Which of the following is the strength of Case control study?
- A. rare disease
- B. bias can be minimized
- C. temporal relationship can be established
- D. relative risk can be calculated
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Case-control studies are particularly useful for studying rare diseases.
What is meant by the term TTHM, and why is it relevant to water quality?
- A. Trihalomethanes formed during chlorination; potential carcinogens.
- B. Toxic trace heavy metals; cause immediate poisoning.
- C. Total thermal heat management; regulates temperature.
- D. Temporary total hardness measure; affects taste.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: TTHMs are disinfection byproducts linked to cancer risks, making them critical for water quality monitoring.
Define the following terms: Intervention study
- A. A study where researchers observe natural behaviors.
- B. A study where researchers manipulate variables to assess impact.
- C. A study analyzing past records.
- D. A study based solely on surveys.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intervention studies involve deliberate manipulation of variables by researchers.