Nokea
Menopausal women require a diet rich in calcium to prevent osteoporosis. Which one of the following is a source of calcium?
- A. Spinach
- B. Cabbage
- C. Carrots
- D. Rape
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Corrected Rationale: Spinach is a good source of calcium, which is crucial for preventing osteoporosis in menopausal women. Spinach is a leafy green vegetable high in calcium content. While cabbage, carrots, and rape are nutritious, they do not provide as much calcium as spinach does. Therefore, spinach is the correct choice for menopausal women looking to increase their calcium intake.
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What is the purpose of hysteroscopy?
- A. View the uterine cavity
- B. Perform a D&C procedure
- C. Remove the fetus
- D. Visualize the fallopian tubes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hysteroscopy is a procedure where a very narrow endoscope is inserted through the cervix to view the uterine cavity. This allows healthcare providers to diagnose and treat various uterine conditions such as polyps, fibroids, and adhesions. Choice B, performing a D&C procedure, involves dilating the cervix and scraping the uterine lining, which is a different procedure. Choice C, removing the fetus, is not the purpose of hysteroscopy and is a procedure done in specific circumstances such as pregnancy termination or miscarriage management. Choice D, visualizing the fallopian tubes, is typically done through a procedure called a hysterosalpingogram, which is different from hysteroscopy.
What is dysmenorrhoea?
- A. Heavy menstruation
- B. Light menstruation
- C. Painful menstruation
- D. Infrequent menstruation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dysmenorrhoea is the medical term for painful menstruation. It is characterized by cramp-like abdominal pain that occurs just before or during menstruation. Choice A, heavy menstruation, is referred to as menorrhagia. Choice B, light menstruation, is not a term used to describe a specific menstrual condition. Choice D, infrequent menstruation, is known as oligomenorrhea, not dysmenorrhoea.
Incomplete abortion is characterized by:
- A. Heavy bleeding.
- B. Open os.
- C. Severe cramping.
- D. Light bleeding.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Incomplete abortion is characterized by an open os, which means that the cervix is dilated, allowing for passage of tissue. This condition typically presents with heavy bleeding as parts of the products of conception are expelled. Severe cramping may also be present due to uterine contractions. Therefore, the correct characteristic of incomplete abortion is an open os (Choice B). Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as heavy bleeding and severe cramping are symptoms associated with incomplete abortion, but they do not specifically define it, and light bleeding is not characteristic of incomplete abortion.
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of vaginitis EXCEPT?
- A. Vaginal itching and irritation
- B. Heavy vaginal bleeding
- C. Pain during coitus
- D. Painful urination
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Vaginitis is characterized by symptoms such as vaginal itching, irritation, pain during coitus, and painful urination. However, heavy vaginal bleeding is not typically associated with vaginitis. Vaginal bleeding could be indicative of other conditions like cervical or endometrial issues, but it is not a common symptom of vaginitis.
Which of the following hormone ratios is MOST likely to be increased in a patient with PCOS?
- A. Progesterone/estrogen
- B. LH/FSH
- C. FSH/LH
- D. Glucagon/insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), the LH/FSH ratio is most likely to be increased. This hormonal imbalance is a key characteristic of PCOS, where elevated LH levels relative to FSH contribute to the pathophysiology of the condition. Choice A, progesterone/estrogen ratio, is not typically a defining feature of PCOS. Choice C, FSH/LH ratio, is the reverse of what is commonly observed in PCOS. Choice D, glucagon/insulin ratio, is not directly related to the hormonal imbalances seen in PCOS.