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Which is a consequence of the physical punishment of children, such as spanking?
- A. The psychological impact is usually minimal.
- B. The child's development of reasoning increases.
- C. Children rarely become accustomed to spanking.
- D. Misbehavior is likely to occur when parents are not present.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Physical punishment, such as spanking, may result in children misbehaving when parents are not present, as it does not teach appropriate behavior or self-regulation.
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The nurse is reviewing the importance of role learning for children. The nurse understands that children's roles are primarily shaped by which members?
- A. Peers
- B. Parents
- C. Siblings
- D. Grandparents
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Parents play the primary role in shaping their children's roles and behaviors, especially in early childhood, through modeling, guidance, and expectations.
A new mom is ready to introduce solid foods to her infant. Which food would you recommend starting with?
- A. Meat
- B. Rice cereal
- C. Fruits
- D. Vegetables
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rice cereal. Rice cereal is typically the first solid food introduced to infants because it is easy to digest and unlikely to cause an allergic reaction. Starting with rice cereal helps assess the baby's readiness for solid foods and reduces the risk of allergic responses. Choice A (Meat) is not recommended as the initial solid food due to its higher allergenic potential. Choices C (Fruits) and D (Vegetables) are also not usually recommended as the first solid food, as they may be more challenging for infants to digest compared to rice cereal.
The nurse is evaluating research studies according to the GRADE criteria and has determined the quality of evidence on the subject is moderate. Which type of evidence does this determination indicate?
- A. Strong evidence from unbiased observational studies
- B. Evidence from randomized clinical trials showed inconsistent results
- C. Consistent evidence from well-performed randomized clinical trials
- D. Evidence for at least one critical outcome from randomized clinical trials had serious flaws
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Moderate evidence typically indicates that results from randomized clinical trials were inconsistent, highlighting the need for further research to confirm findings.
When discussing discipline with the mother of a 4-year-old child, which should the nurse include?
- A. Parental control should be consistent.
- B. Withdrawal of love and approval is effective at this age.
- C. Children as young as 4 years rarely need to be disciplined.
- D. One should expect rules to be followed rigidly and unquestioningly.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Consistent parental control is crucial for effective discipline, providing clear expectations and consequences for behavior.
An anxious 12-year-old child receives an injection from the nurse and sighs with relief when it is done. After a moment of reflection, the girl asks the nurse, 'Is it hard to give someone an injection?' This child's question is evidence that the child has developed which cognitive skill?
- A. Conservation
- B. Accommodation
- C. Decentering
- D. Class inclusion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Decentering. Decentering is the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation, which the child's question demonstrates. In this scenario, the child's question shows that she is thinking beyond her own experience and considering the difficulty or complexity of giving an injection from the nurse's perspective. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Conservation refers to understanding that certain properties of an object remain the same despite changes in its appearance. Accommodation is the process of adjusting existing knowledge or creating new mental categories to incorporate new information. Class inclusion involves understanding the relationship between a whole set and its subsets, which is not demonstrated in the child's question.