Nokea
Which of the following is a central vasodilator and peripheral vasoconstrictor?
- A. Sympathetic nervous system
- B. Parasympathetic nervous system
- C. Norepinephrine
- D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine, which acts as a central vasodilator by dilating blood vessels in the heart and skeletal muscles. It also acts as a peripheral vasoconstrictor by constricting blood vessels in other areas to redirect blood flow to vital organs during fight-or-flight responses.
B: Parasympathetic nervous system is incorrect as it primarily promotes rest and digestion, not vasodilation or vasoconstriction.
C: Norepinephrine is incorrect as it acts as a peripheral vasoconstrictor, not a central vasodilator.
D: Acetylcholine is incorrect as it primarily functions in the parasympathetic nervous system and is not associated with central vasodilation or peripheral vasoconstriction.
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The client is on nitroglycerin and reports chest pain. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Administer nitroglycerin as ordered.
- B. Administer morphine as ordered.
- C. Administer aspirin as ordered.
- D. Notify the healthcare provider immediately.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Notify the healthcare provider immediately. When a client on nitroglycerin reports chest pain, it could indicate a worsening condition or potential myocardial infarction. The nurse's priority is to notify the healthcare provider promptly for further assessment and intervention. Administering nitroglycerin (choice A) may not address the underlying cause of the chest pain. Administering morphine (choice B) may mask symptoms and delay appropriate treatment. Administering aspirin (choice C) is important in chest pain management but does not take priority over notifying the healthcare provider for further evaluation and guidance.
If Mrs. Jones has a temporary pacemaker and the pacemaker intermittently fails to capture or sense, increasing the output temporarily restores function. Failure to capture or sense appropriately is most often due to
- A. Prior emergency defibrillation for ventricular failure
- B. Dislodgment of pacing electrode from right ventricle
- C. Occurrence of frequent ectopic beats from right ventricle
- D. Perforation to the right ventricle by pacing electrode
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dislodgment affects proper pacemaker function.
Which type of heart disease involves the stiffening of the heart muscle, reducing its ability to relax and fill with blood?
- A. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- C. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- D. Ventricular hypertrophy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Restrictive cardiomyopathy. This type of heart disease involves the stiffening of the heart muscle, leading to decreased ability to relax and fill with blood. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by abnormal stiffening of the heart muscle, impairing its ability to properly expand and contract during the cardiac cycle. This results in reduced filling of the heart chambers, leading to symptoms of heart failure.
Choice B: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickening of the heart muscle, not stiffening.
Choice C: Dilated cardiomyopathy involves enlargement and weakening of the heart chambers, not stiffening.
Choice D: Ventricular hypertrophy is a general term for thickening of the heart muscle, not specific to stiffness.
During a home visit to an 88-year-old patient who is taking digoxin (Lanoxin) 0.25 mg daily to help control the rate of atrial fibrillation, you obtain this assessment information. Which assessment indicates that you need to notify the physician?
- A. The patient's apical pulse is 68 and very irregular.
- B. The patient takes the digoxin with meals.
- C. The patient's vision is becoming 'fuzzy'.
- D. The patient has lung crackles that clear after coughing.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Visual disturbances can indicate digoxin toxicity, necessitating physician notification.
What type of imaging test uses X-rays to visualize the blood vessels after injecting them with a contrast dye?
- A. Angiography
- B. CT scan
- C. MRI
- D. Ultrasound
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angiography. Angiography is the imaging test that uses X-rays to visualize blood vessels by injecting contrast dye. This dye highlights the blood vessels, allowing for clear visualization on X-ray images. Angiography is specifically designed to provide detailed images of the blood vessels and identify any blockages or abnormalities.
B: CT scan uses X-rays but does not involve injecting contrast dye into blood vessels.
C: MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves, not X-rays.
D: Ultrasound uses sound waves, not X-rays or contrast dye to visualize blood vessels.