Nokea
What is a device that delivers a fine spray of medication into the airways?
- A. Nebulizer
- B. Inhaler
- C. Oxygen concentrator
- D. Peak flow meter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nebulizer. A nebulizer is a device that delivers medication in the form of a fine spray into the airways, making it easier for the patient to inhale the medication and reach the lungs. It is commonly used for treating respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD. Inhalers (B) deliver medication in a different format, through a measured dose of medication in aerosol form. Oxygen concentrators (C) provide supplemental oxygen and do not deliver medication. Peak flow meters (D) are used to measure the peak expiratory flow rate and are not used to deliver medication.
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What is a condition where the heart's mitral valve does not close properly, causing blood to leak backward into the left atrium?
- A. Mitral valve prolapse
- B. Aortic stenosis
- C. Mitral stenosis
- D. Tricuspid regurgitation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mitral valve prolapse is the correct answer because it is a condition where the mitral valve doesn't close properly, leading to blood leakage into the left atrium during the heart's contraction. This results in a characteristic systolic click on auscultation. Aortic stenosis (B) involves narrowing of the aortic valve, not the mitral valve. Mitral stenosis (C) refers to a narrowing of the mitral valve, not improper closure. Tricuspid regurgitation (D) is when the tricuspid valve doesn't close properly, causing blood to leak backward into the right atrium, not the left atrium.
This is a more accurate indicator of tissue perfusion. It represents the cardiac output in terms of liters per minute per square meter of body surface area. Its normal range is 2.4-4 L/min.
- A. Cardiac Index
- B. Stroke volume
- C. Ejection fraction
- D. Cardiac output
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cardiac Index. Cardiac Index is a more accurate indicator of tissue perfusion as it takes into account the individual's body surface area, providing a more standardized measure. It is calculated by dividing the cardiac output by body surface area. This normalization allows for a more precise assessment of tissue perfusion compared to just cardiac output alone. The normal range of Cardiac Index is 2.4-4 L/min/m^2.
Summary:
- Choice B (Stroke volume) is incorrect because it is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart with each heartbeat, not accounting for body surface area.
- Choice C (Ejection fraction) is incorrect because it is the percentage of blood ejected from the heart's left ventricle with each heartbeat, not adjusted for body surface area.
- Choice D (Cardiac output) is incorrect because it doesn't consider the individual's body surface area, making it less accurate in assessing tissue perfusion.
The nurse is caring for a client on amiodarone. What adverse effect is the nurse most concerned about?
- A. Pulmonary toxicity
- B. Liver toxicity
- C. Thyroid dysfunction
- D. Renal dysfunction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pulmonary toxicity. Amiodarone is known to cause potentially life-threatening pulmonary toxicity, including interstitial pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. The nurse must closely monitor the client for signs such as cough, dyspnea, and chest pain. Liver toxicity (B), thyroid dysfunction (C), and renal dysfunction (D) are also possible adverse effects of amiodarone, but pulmonary toxicity is the most concerning due to its severe and rapid progression. Monitoring and early detection are crucial to prevent serious complications.
Which assessment data collected from a client with chronic congestive heart failure would indicate precipitating causes?
- A. Subnormal body temp; Obesity; metabolic acidosis
- B. Peripheral hypotension, asthenia, high altitude
- C. Hyperthyroidism, bronchitis, overexertion
- D. Dry cough, orthopnea, bradycardia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: These factors strain the heart.
The client is being taught about the use of warfarin. What is the most important dietary instruction?
- A. Avoid foods high in vitamin K.
- B. Increase the intake of vitamin K-rich foods.
- C. Avoid foods high in protein.
- D. Increase the intake of foods high in calcium.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Avoid foods high in vitamin K. Warfarin is an anticoagulant that works by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Consuming foods high in vitamin K can interfere with the effectiveness of warfarin. By avoiding these foods, the client can maintain consistent levels of the medication in their system.
Choice B is incorrect as increasing vitamin K-rich foods can counteract the effects of warfarin. Choice C is incorrect as there is no need to avoid foods high in protein when taking warfarin. Choice D is incorrect as increasing calcium intake does not have a direct impact on warfarin therapy.