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What test uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart, allowing doctors to see how well the heart is functioning?
- A. Echocardiogram
- B. MRI
- C. CT scan
- D. X-ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create images of the heart, providing information on its structure and function. It helps doctors assess the heart's pumping ability, valve function, and overall health. MRI (B) uses magnets and radio waves to create detailed images but does not rely on sound waves. CT scan (C) uses X-rays to produce images and is not specific to the heart. X-ray (D) provides a basic image of the heart but lacks the detail and functionality assessment of an echocardiogram.
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What test measures the electrical activity of the heart to detect arrhythmias and other heart conditions?
- A. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- B. Chest X-ray
- C. Stress test
- D. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart by recording the heart's rhythm and electrical signals. It is used to detect arrhythmias and other heart conditions based on the pattern of the electrical waves. A chest X-ray (B) is used to visualize the heart and lungs, not to measure electrical activity. A stress test (C) assesses the heart's response to physical activity. Arterial blood gas (D) measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not heart activity. Thus, the ECG is the most appropriate test for detecting arrhythmias and other heart conditions.
Which condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways resulting in excess mucus production, leading to frequent coughing and breathing difficulties?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Asthma
- C. Pneumonia
- D. COPD
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic bronchitis is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways leading to excess mucus production, coughing, and breathing difficulties. This condition is specifically defined by a productive cough lasting at least three months for two consecutive years. Asthma involves airway inflammation and hyperreactivity, but it is not primarily characterized by excess mucus production. Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs, not a chronic inflammatory condition. COPD is a broad term that includes chronic bronchitis, but it also encompasses emphysema, so it is not as specific as chronic bronchitis in this context.
Which term refers to high blood pressure, a condition where the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Hypotension
- C. Hyperlipidemia
- D. Diabetes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypertension. Hypertension refers to high blood pressure, where the force of blood against artery walls is too high. This condition can lead to serious health issues. Hypotension (B) is low blood pressure. Hyperlipidemia (C) is high levels of fats/lipids in the blood. Diabetes (D) is a condition related to blood sugar regulation, not blood pressure. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it specifically relates to the condition described in the question.
The nurse is administering a beta blocker to a client with a heart rate of 58 bpm. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Administer the beta blocker as ordered.
- B. Hold the beta blocker and notify the healthcare provider.
- C. Increase the dose of the beta blocker.
- D. Monitor the client's heart rate and reassess in 30 minutes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Holding the beta blocker and notifying the healthcare provider is the priority action because a heart rate of 58 bpm may be too low to safely administer a beta blocker, which can further decrease heart rate and lead to complications like bradycardia or heart block. Increasing the dose (choice C) without assessing the current heart rate is risky. Administering the beta blocker as ordered (choice A) without considering the low heart rate is unsafe. Monitoring the client's heart rate (choice D) is important but not the priority when the initial heart rate is low.
Which of the following is a type of heart attack that occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or stopped?
- A. Myocardial infarction
- B. Angina
- C. Stroke
- D. Congestive heart failure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Myocardial infarction. A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, happens when the blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, leading to damage or death of the tissue due to lack of oxygen. Angina (B) is chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart but does not cause permanent damage like a heart attack. Stroke (C) is a brain-related condition caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain. Congestive heart failure (D) is when the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body.