Nokea
Which test measures how well the lungs work by assessing the amount of air the lungs can hold and how quickly air can be exhaled?
- A. Spirometry
- B. Pulse oximetry
- C. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
- D. Chest X-ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Spirometry. Spirometry measures lung function by evaluating lung capacity and airflow. It assesses vital parameters like Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1), providing valuable insights into lung health. Pulse oximetry (B) measures oxygen saturation, not lung function. Arterial blood gas (C) evaluates blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, not lung capacity. Chest X-ray (D) shows lung structure, not lung function. Therefore, Spirometry is the most appropriate test for assessing lung function.
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What is the average cardiac output?
- A. Approximately 4 to 6 L per minute
- B. Approximately 4 to 8 L per minute
- C. Approximately 5 to 8 L per minute
- D. Approximately 3 to 7 L per minute
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (Approximately 4 to 8 L per minute) because the average cardiac output in a healthy adult at rest is around 5 L per minute. This range of 4 to 8 L per minute encompasses the typical cardiac output values. Choice A (Approximately 4 to 6 L per minute) is too narrow and excludes the upper range, while Choice C (Approximately 5 to 8 L per minute) is slightly broader but still within the acceptable range. Choice D (Approximately 3 to 7 L per minute) is too low and does not cover the full spectrum of average cardiac output values.
Which term refers to the relaxation phase of the heart, during which the chambers fill with blood?
- A. Diastole
- B. Systole
- C. Refractoriness
- D. Automaticity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diastole. Diastole refers to the relaxation phase of the heart, allowing the chambers to fill with blood. During diastole, the ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into them from the atria. Systole, choice B, is the contraction phase where the heart pumps blood out. Refractoriness, choice C, refers to the period when the heart cannot respond to a new stimulus. Automaticity, choice D, is the ability of the heart to generate its own electrical impulses. So, diastole is the correct term for the relaxation phase of the heart where chambers fill with blood, making it the correct answer.
What is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs, and can lead to serious complications if it travels to the lungs?
- A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- B. Pulmonary embolism
- C. Varicose veins
- D. Raynaud's disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, typically in the legs. It can lead to serious complications if the clot breaks loose and travels to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism. Varicose veins (C) are enlarged, twisted veins, not related to blood clots. Raynaud's disease (D) is a condition affecting blood flow to the extremities, not related to clot formation. Pulmonary embolism (B) is a consequence of DVT, not the initial condition of clot formation in the deep veins.
The client is given an alpha agonist. What might it be used for?
- A. For hemostasis
- B. To dilate the arteries
- C. To dilate the veins
- D. To decrease afterload
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: For hemostasis. Alpha agonists (such as epinephrine or norepinephrine) are used for hemostasis by causing vasoconstriction, which helps in stopping bleeding by constricting blood vessels.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
B: To dilate the arteries - Alpha agonists actually cause vasoconstriction, not dilation of arteries.
C: To dilate the veins - Alpha agonists cause vasoconstriction, not dilation of veins.
D: To decrease afterload - While alpha agonists can increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction, they are not typically used specifically to decrease afterload.
What is the procedure where a device is used to shock the heart back into a normal rhythm during a life-threatening arrhythmia?
- A. Defibrillation
- B. Cardioversion
- C. Echocardiogram
- D. Ablation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Defibrillation is the correct answer as it is the procedure where an electrical device delivers a shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm during a life-threatening arrhythmia. This shock helps reset the heart's electrical activity. Cardioversion (B) is similar but used for less severe arrhythmias. Echocardiogram (C) is an imaging test to assess heart function, not a treatment. Ablation (D) is a procedure to destroy abnormal heart tissue causing arrhythmias but not used for immediate life-threatening situations like defibrillation.