Nokea
In penetrating heart injuries such as a stab wound, which of the following tears in the heart continues to bleed and does not seal with a clot?
- A. Pericardial tear
- B. Endocardial tear
- C. Epicardial tear
- D. Myocardial tear
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Myocardial tears do not seal easily, leading to continued bleeding and potential complications.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which of the following are the consequences of fluid and electrolyte imbalances resulting from diuretic therapy in older adults?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Dyspnea
- C. Chest pain
- D. Heart palpitations
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Fluid and electrolyte imbalances can lead to fatigue, a common side effect of diuretic use in older adults.
Which condition involves the body's immune system attacking the lungs and kidneys, causing severe respiratory and renal damage?
- A. Goodpasture syndrome
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Wegener's granulomatosis
- D. Interstitial lung disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for A being correct:
1. Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies against collagen in the lungs and kidneys.
2. Antibodies attack the basement membrane of the lungs and kidneys, leading to severe respiratory and renal damage.
3. Symptoms include coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, and kidney failure.
4. Treatment involves immunosuppressive therapy and plasma exchange to remove harmful antibodies.
Summary:
- B: Sarcoidosis involves granulomas in multiple organs but typically not lung-kidney damage.
- C: Wegener's granulomatosis affects the respiratory tract and kidneys but involves inflammation, not antibodies against collagen.
- D: Interstitial lung disease is a broad term for various lung conditions but doesn't specifically involve the immune system attacking lungs and kidneys.
Which of the following is a central vasoconstrictor and peripheral vasodilator?
- A. Parasympathetic nervous system
- B. Sympathetic nervous system
- C. Dopamine
- D. Epinephrine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Epinephrine. Epinephrine acts as a central vasoconstrictor by constricting blood vessels in vital organs to redirect blood flow to muscles during fight-or-flight response. It also acts as a peripheral vasodilator by dilating blood vessels in skeletal muscles to increase oxygen delivery. Parasympathetic nervous system (A) mainly promotes relaxation, sympathetic nervous system (B) typically causes vasoconstriction, and dopamine (C) has limited vasoactive effects.
The client is given an alpha agonist. What might it be used for?
- A. For hemostasis
- B. To dilate the arteries
- C. To dilate the veins
- D. To decrease afterload
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: For hemostasis. Alpha agonists (such as epinephrine or norepinephrine) are used for hemostasis by causing vasoconstriction, which helps in stopping bleeding by constricting blood vessels.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
B: To dilate the arteries - Alpha agonists actually cause vasoconstriction, not dilation of arteries.
C: To dilate the veins - Alpha agonists cause vasoconstriction, not dilation of veins.
D: To decrease afterload - While alpha agonists can increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction, they are not typically used specifically to decrease afterload.
Which term conceptualizes that the greater the myocardial fiber stretch, within physiologic limits, the more forceful the ventricular contraction, thereby increasing stroke volume?
- A. Frank-Starling's Law
- B. Automaticity
- C. Contractility
- D. Excitability
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Frank-Starling's Law. This law states that within physiologic limits, the greater the myocardial fiber stretch, the more forceful the ventricular contraction, leading to increased stroke volume. This is because increased fiber stretch results in optimal overlap of actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomeres, enhancing contractile force.
Summary:
B: Automaticity refers to the ability of cardiac cells to spontaneously generate electrical impulses.
C: Contractility is the intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle to generate force.
D: Excitability refers to the ability of cardiac cells to respond to electrical stimuli.