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What is a surgical procedure to replace a damaged or diseased heart valve with a prosthetic valve?
- A. Valve replacement
- B. Angioplasty
- C. Stent placement
- D. Bypass surgery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Valve replacement. This surgical procedure involves replacing a damaged or diseased heart valve with a prosthetic valve to restore proper heart function. It is specifically targeted at addressing heart valve issues, making it the most appropriate choice. Angioplasty (B) is a procedure to open blocked arteries, not related to heart valve replacement. Stent placement (C) involves inserting a mesh tube to keep arteries open, not addressing heart valve issues. Bypass surgery (D) is performed to improve blood flow to the heart muscle, not focused on replacing heart valves. Thus, A is the correct choice for the given question.
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If Mr. Jones has a demand pacemaker implanted, the nurse instructs Mr. Jones that he should notify the physician if he experiences
- A. A change in pulse rate of three beats per minute
- B. A sudden slowing or increasing of pulse
- C. An irregular pulse rate
- D. Exposure to an electric razor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Irregular pulse indicates potential pacemaker malfunction.
Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body?
- A. Left atrium
- B. Right atrium
- C. Left ventricle
- D. Right ventricle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the left ventricle. The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the left atrium and pumps it to the rest of the body via the aorta. This chamber has thicker muscular walls compared to the right ventricle to generate enough force to propel blood throughout the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs but does not pump blood out to the body. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the right ventricle, which then pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the function of the heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
What is the patient with primary hypertension likely to report?
- A. No symptoms
- B. Cardiac palpitations
- C. Dyspnea on exertion
- D. Dizziness and vertigo
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Primary hypertension often lacks overt symptoms.
What is a condition where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
- A. Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- B. Atherosclerosis
- C. Stroke
- D. Peripheral artery disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is the condition where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. The narrowing or blockage is typically caused by atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a contributing factor to CAD, but CAD specifically refers to the reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries. Stroke (C) is a condition involving the brain's blood vessels, not the heart. Peripheral artery disease (D) involves narrowing of arteries outside the heart, typically in the legs. Therefore, the most appropriate choice is A as it directly relates to the narrowed or blocked coronary arteries causing reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
What is the procedure where a small mesh tube is inserted into an artery to keep it open after angioplasty?
- A. Stent placement
- B. Bypass surgery
- C. Angioplasty
- D. Valve replacement
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stent placement. After angioplasty, a stent is inserted into the artery to prevent it from collapsing and keep it open. This procedure helps maintain blood flow and reduces the risk of blockages. Bypass surgery involves redirecting blood flow using a graft, not inserting a tube. Angioplasty is the initial procedure to open the blocked artery, not to keep it open. Valve replacement is a procedure for replacing damaged heart valves, not for arteries.