Nokea
What is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system, leading to thick, sticky mucus that can clog the airways?
- A. Cystic fibrosis
- B. COPD
- C. Bronchiectasis
- D. Pulmonary fibrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to the production of thick mucus that affects the lungs and digestive system. This thick mucus can clog the airways, causing breathing difficulties and increasing the risk of lung infections. COPD (Choice B) is a different condition characterized by airflow obstruction usually due to smoking. Bronchiectasis (Choice C) is a condition where the airways are permanently widened and can also lead to mucus buildup but is not specific to the CFTR gene mutation. Pulmonary fibrosis (Choice D) is a lung disease characterized by scarring of lung tissue, not mucus buildup.
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What condition involves the heart's electrical system malfunctioning, causing very fast heartbeats originating from the ventricles?
- A. Ventricular tachycardia
- B. Atrial fibrillation
- C. Supraventricular tachycardia
- D. Bradycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ventricular tachycardia. Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by rapid heartbeats originating from the ventricles, resulting in an abnormal heart rhythm. This condition can be life-threatening if not promptly treated. Atrial fibrillation involves rapid, irregular heartbeats originating from the atria, not the ventricles (B). Supraventricular tachycardia also originates above the ventricles and is not specific to ventricular malfunction (C). Bradycardia, on the other hand, is a condition characterized by an abnormally slow heart rate, which is the opposite of the fast heartbeats seen in ventricular tachycardia (D).
In cases of myocardial infarction leading to shock, which medication is appropriate to counteract shock?
- A. Atropine
- B. Dopamine
- C. Digoxin
- D. Adenosine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dopamine. In myocardial infarction leading to shock, dopamine is appropriate due to its positive inotropic effects, increasing cardiac output and blood pressure. Atropine is not indicated for shock in this context. Digoxin may be contraindicated in acute myocardial infarction. Adenosine is not used in managing shock.
The client on spironolactone (Aldactone) has a potassium level of 5.8 mEq/L. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Hold the spironolactone and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer a potassium supplement.
- C. Continue the spironolactone as ordered.
- D. Increase the dose of spironolactone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hold the spironolactone and notify the healthcare provider. The priority action is to stop the medication and inform the healthcare provider because a potassium level of 5.8 mEq/L is above the normal range (3.5-5.0 mEq/L), indicating hyperkalemia. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that can further increase potassium levels. Continuing the medication or administering a potassium supplement would exacerbate the issue. Increasing the dose of spironolactone would be unsafe and could lead to severe complications. Therefore, holding the medication and seeking guidance from the healthcare provider is crucial in managing the client's elevated potassium level.
What is the condition where the heart's mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak backward into the left atrium?
- A. Mitral regurgitation
- B. Aortic stenosis
- C. Tricuspid regurgitation
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mitral regurgitation. In this condition, the mitral valve fails to close properly, causing blood to flow back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. This results in decreased forward blood flow and increased volume in the left atrium and ventricle. Mitral regurgitation can lead to symptoms like fatigue, shortness of breath, and heart murmur upon auscultation.
Now, let's analyze the other choices:
B: Aortic stenosis - This involves narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.
C: Tricuspid regurgitation - Involves backward flow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium due to a faulty tricuspid valve.
D: Pulmonary hypertension - Elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, usually caused by underlying conditions affecting the lungs or heart.
Therefore, the correct answer is A because it specifically describes
What is a condition where the heart's electrical impulses are delayed or blocked, leading to a slower or irregular heartbeat?
- A. Heart block
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Bradycardia
- D. Arrhythmia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Heart block. Heart block is a condition where the electrical impulses in the heart are delayed or blocked, leading to a slower or irregular heartbeat. This can result in symptoms like dizziness, fatigue, and fainting. Tachycardia (B) is a condition of a fast heart rate, not a delayed or blocked impulse. Bradycardia (C) is a slow heart rate, but it doesn't necessarily involve delayed or blocked impulses. Arrhythmia (D) is a broad term for any irregular heartbeat pattern, not specifically related to delayed or blocked impulses.