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Which type of lung cancer is strongly associated with exposure to asbestos?
- A. Mesothelioma
- B. Adenocarcinoma
- C. Squamous cell carcinoma
- D. Small cell lung cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mesothelioma. Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that affects the lining of the lungs, abdomen, or heart, and is primarily caused by exposure to asbestos fibers. Asbestos exposure is a well-established risk factor for developing mesothelioma. Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell lung cancer are not typically associated with asbestos exposure. This association is key in determining the correct answer.
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Which condition is characterized by an inability to effectively pump blood, leading to fluid buildup and swelling in the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Cardiomyopathy
- C. Angina
- D. Myocarditis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Heart failure is characterized by the heart's inability to effectively pump blood, leading to fluid buildup and swelling.
Step 2: Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle, which may contribute to heart failure but is not the direct cause of fluid buildup.
Step 3: Angina is chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart, not directly related to fluid buildup.
Step 4: Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure but is not the primary cause of fluid accumulation.
Summary: Heart failure is the correct answer as it directly relates to the inability of the heart to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid accumulation. Cardiomyopathy, angina, and myocarditis are related to heart health but do not directly cause fluid buildup in the body.
Which surgical procedure involves removing a portion of the lung?
- A. Lobectomy
- B. Pneumonectomy
- C. Tracheostomy
- D. Bronchoscopy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lobectomy. A lobectomy involves the removal of a lobe of the lung. This procedure is commonly done to treat lung cancer or other conditions affecting a specific lobe. Pneumonectomy (B) involves the removal of an entire lung, not just a portion. Tracheostomy (C) is the surgical creation of an opening in the windpipe to help with breathing, not a lung removal procedure. Bronchoscopy (D) is a diagnostic procedure to visualize the airways using a flexible tube with a camera, not a lung removal surgery. Therefore, A is the correct choice for removing a portion of the lung.
The client on warfarin has an INR of 5.5. What is the priority nursing action?
- A. Administer vitamin K as an antidote.
- B. Hold the next dose of warfarin.
- C. Increase the dose of warfarin.
- D. Administer fresh frozen plasma.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer vitamin K as an antidote. An INR of 5.5 indicates the client is at risk for bleeding due to excessive anticoagulation from warfarin. Administering vitamin K helps reverse the effects of warfarin and lowers the INR back to the therapeutic range. Holding the next dose of warfarin (B) is important but not the priority over administering the antidote. Increasing the dose of warfarin (C) would worsen the situation. Administering fresh frozen plasma (D) is not a standard treatment for high INR levels due to warfarin.
What is a condition where the heart beats with an irregular or abnormal rhythm?
- A. Arrhythmia
- B. Hypertension
- C. Tachycardia
- D. Bradycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Arrhythmia. Arrhythmia refers to an irregular or abnormal heart rhythm. This is because the heart beats in a disorganized manner, which can lead to various health issues. Hypertension (B) is high blood pressure, not a heart rhythm issue. Tachycardia (C) is a condition where the heart beats too fast, not necessarily irregularly. Bradycardia (D) is when the heart beats too slowly, not necessarily irregularly. Therefore, Arrhythmia is the correct choice in this context.
At 9:00 pm, you admit a 63-year-old with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to the ED. The physician is considering the use of fibrinolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA, alteplase). Which information is most important to communicate to the physician?
- A. The patient was treated with alteplase about 8 months ago.
- B. The patient takes famotidine (Pepcid) for esophageal reflux.
- C. The patient has T wave inversions on the 12-lead ECG.
- D. The patient has had continuous chest pain since 1:00 pM.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Continuous chest pain indicates ongoing ischemia, making the patient a candidate for fibrinolytic therapy within the therapeutic window.