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What is a condition where the blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, often referred to as a mini-stroke?
- A. Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
- B. Stroke
- C. Aneurysm
- D. Myocardial infarction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Transient ischemic attack (TIA). A TIA is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, causing stroke-like symptoms that typically resolve within 24 hours. This is distinct from a full-blown stroke (choice B) which results in permanent damage. Aneurysm (choice C) is a bulge in a blood vessel, not a blockage. Myocardial infarction (choice D) is a heart attack, not related to brain blood flow. In summary, TIA best fits the description of a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, making it the correct choice.
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If Mrs. Jones has a temporary pacemaker and the pacemaker intermittently fails to capture or sense, increasing the output temporarily restores function. Failure to capture or sense appropriately is most often due to
- A. Prior emergency defibrillation for ventricular failure
- B. Dislodgment of pacing electrode from right ventricle
- C. Occurrence of frequent ectopic beats from right ventricle
- D. Perforation to the right ventricle by pacing electrode
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dislodgment affects proper pacemaker function.
The nurse is caring for a client on heparin. What is the most important lab value to monitor?
- A. aPTT
- B. INR
- C. Platelet count
- D. Hemoglobin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: aPTT. This lab value is crucial for monitoring heparin therapy as it measures the effectiveness of the medication in preventing blood clots. Monitoring aPTT helps ensure the client is within the therapeutic range to prevent bleeding or clotting complications. Incorrect choices:
B: INR is used to monitor warfarin therapy, not heparin.
C: Platelet count is important, but aPTT is more directly related to heparin therapy.
D: Hemoglobin is important for assessing anemia but not specific to monitoring heparin therapy.
The most realistic discharge goal for Mrs. G., with a history of compensated congestive heart failure, is
- A. Knowledge of illness and treatment
- B. Absence of signs of congestive failure
- C. Total decompensation for failure
- D. Avoidance of all stress
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Achieving stability is a practical goal.
What is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Cardiomyopathy
- C. Myocardial infarction
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): Heart failure is the correct answer because it is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body. This occurs due to the heart's inability to adequately circulate blood, causing congestion and fluid retention. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling. Treatment aims to improve heart function and manage symptoms.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B (Cardiomyopathy): Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure, but it is not the specific condition described in the question.
C (Myocardial infarction): Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, results from a blockage in a coronary artery causing damage to the heart muscle, but it does not directly lead to fluid buildup in the lungs and body.
D (Pulmonary edema): Pulmonary edema is a condition characterized by fluid
Which type of heart disease involves the stiffening of the heart muscle, reducing its ability to relax and fill with blood?
- A. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- C. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- D. Ventricular hypertrophy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Restrictive cardiomyopathy. This type of heart disease involves the stiffening of the heart muscle, leading to decreased ability to relax and fill with blood. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by abnormal stiffening of the heart muscle, impairing its ability to properly expand and contract during the cardiac cycle. This results in reduced filling of the heart chambers, leading to symptoms of heart failure.
Choice B: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickening of the heart muscle, not stiffening.
Choice C: Dilated cardiomyopathy involves enlargement and weakening of the heart chambers, not stiffening.
Choice D: Ventricular hypertrophy is a general term for thickening of the heart muscle, not specific to stiffness.