Nokea
Which condition involves the tearing of the aorta, leading to severe pain and internal bleeding?
- A. Aortic dissection
- B. Aneurysm
- C. Stroke
- D. Myocardial infarction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aortic dissection. This condition involves a tear in the inner layer of the aorta, leading to severe pain and internal bleeding. The tearing causes blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall, which can be life-threatening. Aneurysm (B) is the abnormal bulging of a weakened blood vessel, not necessarily involving tearing. Stroke (C) is a brain-related condition, not related to the aorta. Myocardial infarction (D) is a heart attack due to blockage of blood flow to the heart, not directly involving the aorta.
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What is a life-threatening condition where the heart suddenly stops beating?
- A. Cardiac arrest
- B. Myocardial infarction
- C. Heart failure
- D. Atrial fibrillation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening emergency where the heart stops beating suddenly. This leads to the cessation of blood flow to vital organs, causing loss of consciousness and death if not treated immediately with CPR and defibrillation. Myocardial infarction (B) is a heart attack where blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, leading to tissue damage. Heart failure (C) is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively. Atrial fibrillation (D) is an irregular heartbeat that can increase the risk of stroke but is not the same as cardiac arrest.
What test involves the nurse instructing the client to avoid eating or drinking until sensation and the gag reflex return, which may take 1 hour or longer?
- A. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
- B. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- C. Echocardiography
- D. Cardiac catheterization
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: TEE requires the client to fast until the gag reflex returns to prevent aspiration.
The client is on dobutamine. Adverse effects of Dobutrex (dobutamine) include the following: Select all that apply.
- A. Heart failure
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Tachycardia
- D. Respiratory distress
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Dobutamine is a beta-1 adrenergic agonist, which increases heart rate.
2. Tachycardia is a common adverse effect due to increased heart rate.
3. Bradycardia is the opposite effect and not expected with dobutamine.
4. Heart failure is a condition that dobutamine is used to treat, not cause.
5. Respiratory distress is not a typical adverse effect of dobutamine.
Summary:
Choice C (Tachycardia) is correct because dobutamine increases heart rate. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because dobutamine does not cause heart failure, bradycardia, or respiratory distress.
What is a chronic condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened and enlarged, reducing its ability to pump blood effectively?
- A. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- C. Myocarditis
- D. Pericarditis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dilated cardiomyopathy. This is a chronic condition characterized by the heart muscle becoming weakened and enlarged, leading to reduced pumping efficiency. This results in symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by thickening of the heart muscle, not weakening and enlargement.
C: Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, not specifically causing heart muscle weakening and enlargement.
D: Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart), not directly affecting heart muscle function.
Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the four pulmonary veins and serves as a reservoir during ventricular systole?
- A. Right atrium
- B. Left atrium
- C. Right ventricle
- D. Left ventricle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Left atrium. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, acting as a reservoir during ventricular systole. This blood is then pumped into the left ventricle for distribution to the body. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cavae. The right ventricle pumps this blood to the lungs for oxygenation. The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Therefore, the left atrium is the correct choice based on its role in receiving oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.