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What type of imaging test uses X-rays to visualize the blood vessels after injecting them with a contrast dye?
- A. Angiography
- B. CT scan
- C. MRI
- D. Ultrasound
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angiography. Angiography is the imaging test that uses X-rays to visualize blood vessels by injecting contrast dye. This dye highlights the blood vessels, allowing for clear visualization on X-ray images. Angiography is specifically designed to provide detailed images of the blood vessels and identify any blockages or abnormalities.
B: CT scan uses X-rays but does not involve injecting contrast dye into blood vessels.
C: MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves, not X-rays.
D: Ultrasound uses sound waves, not X-rays or contrast dye to visualize blood vessels.
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The nurse is caring for a client on enalapril (Vasotec). What is the most important side effect to monitor?
- A. Cough
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Hypotension
- D. Dizziness
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cough. Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor that can cause a dry, persistent cough as a common side effect. It is important to monitor for this because it can indicate a potentially serious adverse reaction called angioedema. Hyperkalemia (B) is a possible side effect of enalapril but is typically not as urgent to monitor as cough. Hypotension (C) is a common side effect but is usually monitored during the initial dose titration. Dizziness (D) is a less common side effect and is often transient. Monitoring for cough is crucial to detect and manage any potential angioedema promptly.
What is the condition where the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, becomes inflamed, leading to chest pain and other symptoms?
- A. Pericarditis
- B. Myocarditis
- C. Endocarditis
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, causing chest pain.
2. Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, not the pericardium.
3. Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers.
4. Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the lungs, unrelated to pericardial inflammation.
In conclusion, pericarditis is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the inflammation of the pericardium, leading to chest pain.
The nurse determines that the treatment of heart failure has been successful when the patient experiences
- A. Weight loss and diuresis
- B. Warm skin and less fatigue
- C. Clear lung sounds and decreased heart rate
- D. Absence of chest pain and improved LOC
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Successful treatment of heart failure is indicated by an absence of symptoms of pulmonary edema and hypoxemia, such as clear lung sounds and a normal heart rate.
A patient recently had a cardiac catheterization via right-radial approach and now has a compression device in place. The patient reports numbness and pain in the right hand. The cardiac-vascular nurse notes a diminished pulse, with a cool and cyanotic hand. The nurse:
- A. calls the physician.
- B. performs an Allen test.
- C. reduces the pressure on the puncture site.
- D. uses the Doppler ultrasound to assess for pulse signals.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Reducing pressure on the puncture site is necessary to restore blood flow to the hand.
The client on warfarin has an INR of 5.5. What is the priority nursing action?
- A. Administer vitamin K as an antidote.
- B. Hold the next dose of warfarin.
- C. Increase the dose of warfarin.
- D. Administer fresh frozen plasma.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer vitamin K as an antidote. An INR of 5.5 indicates the client is at risk for bleeding due to excessive anticoagulation from warfarin. Administering vitamin K helps reverse the effects of warfarin and lowers the INR back to the therapeutic range. Holding the next dose of warfarin (B) is important but not the priority over administering the antidote. Increasing the dose of warfarin (C) would worsen the situation. Administering fresh frozen plasma (D) is not a standard treatment for high INR levels due to warfarin.