Nokea
What is the condition where the blood vessels that supply blood to the legs and feet become narrowed or blocked, causing pain and difficulty walking?
- A. Peripheral artery disease
- B. Raynaud's disease
- C. Varicose veins
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD is characterized by narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the legs, leading to reduced blood flow, causing pain and difficulty walking (claudication). The narrowing is typically due to atherosclerosis. Raynaud's disease (B) involves spasms of small arteries, causing reduced blood flow to fingers and toes, not legs. Varicose veins (C) are enlarged, twisted veins, not arteries. Pulmonary embolism (D) is a blockage in the lungs' arteries, not the legs.
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Which of the following nursing interventions should a nurse perform to relieve tachycardia that may develop in a client with myocarditis from hypoxemia?
- A. Maintain the client on bed rest.
- B. Administer a prescribed antipyretic.
- C. Elevate the client's head.
- D. Administer supplemental oxygen.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Supplemental oxygen addresses hypoxemia, which can reduce tachycardia in clients with myocarditis.
What term refers to the degree of myocardial fiber stretch before contraction, related to the volume of blood distending the ventricles at the end of diastole, and determined by the amount of venous return?
- A. Preload
- B. Afterload
- C. Contractility
- D. Ejection fraction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Preload refers to myocardial fiber stretch before contraction.
2. It is related to the volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole.
3. Preload is determined by the amount of venous return to the heart.
4. It influences the force of contraction and stroke volume.
5. Afterload (B) is the resistance the heart must overcome to pump blood.
6. Contractility (C) is the intrinsic strength of the heart muscle.
7. Ejection fraction (D) is the percentage of blood ejected from ventricles.
Summary:
- Preload is correct as it specifically relates to fiber stretch and volume of blood.
- Afterload, contractility, and ejection fraction do not directly relate to ventricular volume and venous return.
Which of the following symptoms is observed in the client with right-sided heart failure?
- A. Dependent pitting edema
- B. Exertional dyspnea
- C. Orthopnea
- D. Hemoptysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Right-sided heart failure leads to fluid retention, causing dependent pitting edema.
What structure separates the left and right sides of the heart?
- A. Interventricular septum
- B. Endocardium
- C. Epicardium
- D. Pericardium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Interventricular septum. This structure separates the left and right sides of the heart, forming a barrier between the two ventricles. It ensures that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix within the heart chambers. The endocardium (B) is the inner layer of the heart's chambers, the epicardium (C) is the outer layer of the heart, and the pericardium (D) is the sac surrounding the heart. These structures do not specifically separate the left and right sides of the heart.
What is the condition where the lung collapses due to air leaking into the space between the lung and chest wall?
- A. Pneumothorax
- B. Pleural effusion
- C. Pulmonary fibrosis
- D. Lung cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pneumothorax. This condition occurs when air enters the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse. The air disrupts the pressure balance, leading to lung collapse. Pleural effusion (B) is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, not air. Pulmonary fibrosis (C) is scarring of lung tissue, unrelated to air leakage. Lung cancer (D) is the abnormal growth of cells in the lung, not directly causing air leakage.