Nokea
During which period of psychosexual development does a child become preoccupied with the development of skills and activities?
- A. Genital
- B. Phallic
- C. Latency
- D. Pubertal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Latency. In the Latency stage of psychosexual development, which occurs from around age 6 to puberty, children are focused on developing skills and engaging in activities rather than exploring sexuality. This period is characterized by the suppression of sexual impulses and the emphasis on social and intellectual pursuits. Choice A, Genital, refers to the final stage of psychosexual development in Freud's theory where individuals reach sexual maturity. Choice B, Phallic, pertains to the stage where children become aware of anatomical differences between boys and girls and develop unconscious sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent. Choice D, Pubertal, is not a recognized stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory.
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How do defense mechanisms contribute to psychopathology?
- A. They do not contribute to psychopathology as they are healthy coping mechanisms.
- B. They contribute to psychopathology by allowing individuals to avoid confronting painful realities.
- C. Defense mechanisms have no connection to psychopathology.
- D. Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that can lead to the development of psychopathology.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Defense mechanisms contribute to psychopathology by allowing individuals to avoid confronting painful realities. This avoidance can prevent individuals from dealing with underlying issues, leading to the development or exacerbation of psychopathological conditions. Choice A is incorrect because while defense mechanisms may serve as coping mechanisms, they can also contribute to psychopathology when used excessively or inappropriately. Choice C is incorrect as defense mechanisms are indeed connected to psychopathology. Choice D is incorrect because defense mechanisms, when maladaptive, can contribute to psychopathology rather than being considered healthy coping strategies.
What impact do parenting styles have on child development?
- A. Authoritarian parenting leads to positive developmental outcomes.
- B. Permissive parenting is associated with positive developmental outcomes.
- C. Neglectful parenting is associated with positive developmental outcomes.
- D. All parenting styles produce similar developmental outcomes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Permissive parenting is associated with positive developmental outcomes because it involves warmth and a lack of strict control. Authoritarian parenting, as mentioned in choice A, is characterized by strict rules and harsh discipline, which may not lead to the best developmental outcomes. Neglectful parenting, as in choice C, involves a lack of responsiveness and support, which can have detrimental effects on a child's development. Choice D is incorrect because different parenting styles can have varying impacts on child development.
How does parenting style influence child development?
- A. Authoritative parenting is associated with the best outcomes.
- B. Permissive parenting leads to the best outcomes.
- C. Neglectful parenting is associated with the best outcomes.
- D. Authoritarian parenting is the most effective in child development.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Authoritative parenting, which balances warmth and control, is associated with the best outcomes in child development. It fosters independence, self-regulation, and social competence in children. Choice B is incorrect because permissive parenting, which is characterized by low demands and high responsiveness, may lead to issues like lack of self-discipline. Choice C is incorrect as neglectful parenting, characterized by low demands and low responsiveness, can result in various negative outcomes for the child. Choice D is incorrect because authoritarian parenting, which is high on control but low on warmth, may lead to obedience but can also stifle a child's independence and creativity.
How does the environment interact with genetic predispositions to influence mental health?
- A. The environment has no influence on mental health.
- B. The environment interacts with genetic predispositions to either enhance or mitigate mental health risks.
- C. The environment can only influence physical health, not mental health.
- D. The environment has a minimal effect on mental health outcomes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The environment interacts with genetic predispositions to either enhance or mitigate mental health risks. This highlights the intricate relationship between one's genetic makeup and the environmental factors they are exposed to, both contributing significantly to mental health outcomes. Choice A is incorrect as numerous studies show that the environment plays a crucial role in mental health. Choice C is incorrect as the environment can influence both physical and mental health. Choice D is incorrect as research indicates that the environment can have a substantial impact on mental health outcomes.
A predisposition toward developing a disorder is termed a ________.
- A. diathesis
- B. comorbidity
- C. genotype
- D. phenotype
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A diathesis is indeed the correct term for a predisposition toward developing a disorder. A diathesis refers to an underlying vulnerability or predisposition to a particular condition. Choice B, 'comorbidity,' refers to the presence of two or more disorders in the same individual. Choice C, 'genotype,' relates to an individual's genetic makeup. Choice D, 'phenotype,' refers to the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Therefore, A is the most appropriate term for describing a predisposition toward developing a disorder.