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What presents the correct order of cellular respiration?
- A. Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
- B. Citric Acid Cycle, Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Electron Transport Chain
- C. Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Electron Transport Chain, Citric Acid Cycle
- D. Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, Acetyl-CoA
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct order of cellular respiration is Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain. Glycolysis initiates the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm, leading to the formation of pyruvate. This pyruvate is then converted to Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria, which enters the Citric Acid Cycle to generate energy-rich molecules like NADH and FADH2. Finally, the Electron Transport Chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, utilizes these energy carriers to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Choice B is incorrect because it starts with the Citric Acid Cycle, which comes after Glycolysis. Choice C is incorrect as it places the Citric Acid Cycle before the Electron Transport Chain. Choice D is incorrect by placing Acetyl-CoA last instead of before the Citric Acid Cycle.
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If a biochemist isolates a large amount of pyruvate, which part of the cell is he working with?
- A. Chloroplasts
- B. Cytoplasm
- C. Mitochondria
- D. Nucleus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cytoplasm. Pyruvate is a product of glycolysis, a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Therefore, a biochemist isolating a large amount of pyruvate would be working with the cytoplasm of the cell. Choice A, Chloroplasts, is incorrect because pyruvate is not produced in chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis. Choice C, Mitochondria, is incorrect as pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm before entering the mitochondria for further metabolism. Choice D, Nucleus, is incorrect as the nucleus is not involved in the production or isolation of pyruvate, which is a metabolic intermediate.
Which element's neutral atom has 2 electrons in the first shell and 6 electrons in the second shell of the electron cloud?
- A. Beryllium
- B. Carbon
- C. Helium
- D. Oxygen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is Oxygen. Oxygen has a total of 8 electrons, with 2 in the first shell and 6 in the second shell. This configuration matches the description provided in the question. Choice A, Beryllium, has 2 electrons in total, so it cannot have 2 in the first shell and 6 in the second. Choice B, Carbon, has 6 electrons in total, so it also does not match the given electron distribution. Choice C, Helium, has only 2 electrons in total and therefore does not fit the electron configuration described in the question.
How do killer T cells recognize infected cells?
- A. The B cells flag the infected cells with amino acids.
- B. Tiny bits of the virus's RNA are left around the cell.
- C. Macrophages show up to help consume the infected cell.
- D. The T cells have receptors that recognize the proteins the virus leaves on the surface of the cell.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Killer T cells recognize infected cells by detecting viral proteins displayed on the surface of these cells. The T cells possess receptors specifically designed to identify these viral proteins, allowing them to target and eliminate the infected cells. Choice A is incorrect because B cells are not directly involved in the recognition process of infected cells by killer T cells. Choice B is incorrect because tiny bits of the virus's RNA being left around the cell is not how killer T cells primarily recognize infected cells. Choice C is incorrect because while macrophages play a role in immune responses, they do not directly assist in the recognition of infected cells by killer T cells.
Why is the lining of the stomach covered with rugae?
- A. Rugae increase the output of gastric juices.
- B. Rugae increase the surface area of the stomach.
- C. Rugae increase the permeability of the stomach walls.
- D. Rugae increase the types of nutrients that can diffuse.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rugae are folds in the stomach lining that increase its surface area. This increased surface area allows for more efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients in the stomach. Choice A is incorrect because rugae do not directly affect the output of gastric juices. Choice C is incorrect because rugae do not impact the permeability of the stomach walls. Choice D is incorrect because rugae do not influence the types of nutrients that can diffuse.
Where is the cervix located?
- A. Top of the uterus
- B. Top of the ovaries
- C. Bottom of the vagina
- D. Bottom of the uterus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The cervix is located at the bottom of the uterus, where it opens into the vagina. It serves as the passageway between the uterus and the vagina, playing a crucial role in childbirth and menstrual flow. Choice A ('Top of the uterus') is incorrect because the cervix is not located at the top of the uterus. Choice B ('Top of the ovaries') is incorrect as the cervix is not located near the ovaries. Choice C ('Bottom of the vagina') is incorrect as the cervix is not located at the bottom of the vagina, but rather at the bottom of the uterus.