Nokea
Which structure in the body is responsible for producing testosterone?
- A. Adrenal glands
- B. Pituitary gland
- C. Testes
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Testes. The testes are responsible for producing testosterone, the hormone that plays a crucial role in male secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair, deepening of the voice, and muscle development. The adrenal glands primarily produce cortisol and aldosterone, not testosterone. The pituitary gland regulates hormone production in various glands, including the testes, but it does not directly produce testosterone. The pancreas is responsible for producing insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels, not testosterone.
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Bile, a yellowish-green fluid, is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion. What is the primary function of bile in digestion?
- A. Break down carbohydrates
- B. Break down proteins
- C. Emulsify fats
- D. Neutralize stomach acid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary function of bile in digestion is to emulsify fats. Bile contains bile salts that help break down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to work on and aiding in the absorption of fats in the small intestine. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because bile's main role is not to break down carbohydrates or proteins, nor to neutralize stomach acid; rather, it primarily assists in the digestion and absorption of fats through emulsification.
Which white blood cell type is responsible for the initial attack on pathogens?
- A. Red blood cells
- B. Platelets
- C. Phagocytes
- D. Lymphocytes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that is crucial in the initial attack on pathogens. These cells have the ability to engulf and digest foreign particles such as bacteria and viruses, thereby preventing infections. Red blood cells primarily function in oxygen transport, platelets are vital for blood clotting, and lymphocytes are involved in the immune response. However, phagocytes are specifically designed to provide the initial defense against pathogens by directly attacking and eliminating them.
Which hormone is crucial for stimulating sperm production in males?
- A. Estrogen
- B. Progesterone
- C. Testosterone
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Testosterone is the hormone crucial for stimulating sperm production in males. It is primarily produced in the testes and plays a significant role in the development of male reproductive tissues, including the testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair growth and deepening of the voice. Estrogen and progesterone are female sex hormones responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle and other female reproductive functions. Insulin, on the other hand, is involved in regulating blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism, not directly related to sperm production in males.
Which organelle is responsible for controlling the activities of the cell?
- A. Golgi apparatus
- B. Mitochondria
- C. Nucleus
- D. Ribosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nucleus is the organelle responsible for controlling the activities of the cell. It contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and serves as the command center of the cell, regulating gene expression and directing cellular activities. The nucleus plays a crucial role in cell growth, metabolism, and reproduction. While the Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins, the mitochondria are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP, and ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, none of these organelles have the primary function of controlling the activities of the cell like the nucleus does. Therefore, the correct answer is the nucleus.
What are the finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine called?
- A. Crypts of Lieberk¼hn
- B. Goblet cells
- C. Villi
- D. Paneth cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A) Crypts of Lieberk¼hn are small pits in the lining of the small intestine that contain cells involved in the production of intestinal juices, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption.
B) Goblet cells are specialized cells that secrete mucus to protect the lining of the digestive tract, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption.
C) Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. Each villus contains blood vessels and lacteals (lymphatic vessels) that help absorb nutrients from digested food.
D) Paneth cells are specialized cells found in the small intestine that secrete antimicrobial substances, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption.