Nokea
What hormones are produced in the ovaries, and what are their functions?
- A. Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels
- B. Progesterone: stimulates uterine lining growth
- C. Adrenaline: increases heart rate
- D. Cortisol: regulates stress response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Progesterone, produced in the ovaries, stimulates uterine lining growth and plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle. Insulin is produced in the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels, not in the ovaries. Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands and increases heart rate in response to stress or danger, not in the ovaries. Cortisol, also produced by the adrenal glands, helps regulate the body's response to stress, not in the ovaries.
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How are the motor pathways of the ANS arranged?
- A. Single neuron from CNS to target organ
- B. Two neurons, a pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neuron
- C. Multiple neurons from CNS to target organ
- D. Single neuron from CNS to peripheral ganglia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The motor pathways of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are organized with two neurons: a pre-ganglionic neuron that transmits the signal from the central nervous system (CNS) to a ganglion, and a post-ganglionic neuron that conveys the signal from the ganglion to the target organ. This dual-neuron pathway enables the integration and modulation of signals before reaching the target organ, allowing for a more sophisticated and adaptable control system. Choice A is incorrect as it describes a single neuron pathway, which is not characteristic of ANS motor pathways. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests multiple neurons from the CNS to the target organ, which is not the typical arrangement. Choice D is incorrect as it describes a single neuron pathway from the CNS to peripheral ganglia, which does not account for the ganglionic transmission in ANS motor pathways.
What does potency refer to in regards to cells?
- A. The cell's ability to survive
- B. The cell's ability to move
- C. The cell's ability to divide rapidly
- D. The cell's ability to differentiate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Potency refers to a cell's potential to differentiate into different cell types. It is not related to the cell's ability to survive (Choice A), move (Choice B), or divide rapidly (Choice C). Stem cells, for example, exhibit varying degrees of potency based on their capacity to give rise to various cell types. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it accurately defines the concept of potency in cells.
What is the normal (complete) flow of blood through the heart?
- A. Right atrium → lungs → left atrium → body
- B. Left atrium → left ventricle → body → right atrium
- C. Right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body
- D. Right ventricle → left ventricle → body
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct flow of blood through the heart starts with the right atrium receiving deoxygenated blood from the body, followed by the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the left atrium, then passes to the left ventricle which pumps it out to the body through the aorta. This flow ensures that blood is properly oxygenated before circulating through the body. Choice A is incorrect as the blood does not go directly from the left atrium to the body, skipping the left ventricle. Choice B is incorrect as it does not follow the correct flow sequence in the heart. Choice D is incorrect as it does not include the full pathway of blood through the heart.
Which type of reaction builds larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy?
- A. Catabolic reaction
- B. Anabolic reaction
- C. Exothermic reaction
- D. Hydrolytic reaction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Anabolic reaction.' Anabolic reactions involve the synthesis of larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones, requiring an input of energy, often in the form of ATP. These reactions are essential for processes like growth, repair, and the building of cellular structures. Catabolic reactions, on the other hand, break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy. Exothermic reactions release heat, while hydrolytic reactions involve the breakdown of molecules with the addition of water. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not describe the process of building larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones with the requirement of energy.
Which of the following is directly transcribed from DNA and represents the first step in protein synthesis?
- A. siRNA
- B. rRNA
- C. mRNA
- D. tRNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: mRNA (messenger RNA) is directly transcribed from DNA in the nucleus during the process of transcription. It serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation in the cytoplasm. mRNA carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Thus, mRNA represents the first step in protein synthesis as it carries the code from the DNA to be translated into a protein. Choice A, siRNA (small interfering RNA), is involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing and does not play a role in protein synthesis. Choice B, rRNA (ribosomal RNA), is a component of the ribosome and plays a structural and functional role in protein synthesis but is not directly transcribed from DNA. Choice D, tRNA (transfer RNA), is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis but is not directly transcribed from DNA.