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What are the three types of muscle tissues?
- A. Cardiac, smooth, epithelial
- B. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
- C. Cardiac, smooth, connective
- D. Skeletal, epithelial, connective
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth. Skeletal muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement, cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart and is responsible for involuntary heart contractions, and smooth muscle tissue is located in organs and is responsible for involuntary movements. Therefore, the three types of muscle tissues are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they include types of tissues that are not classified as muscle tissues. Epithelial and connective tissues are different types of tissues that serve other functions in the body, not related to muscle contractions.
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Which plane divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) halves?
- A. Sagittal/Median Plane
- B. Frontal/Coronal Plane
- C. Transverse/Cross-Section Plane
- D. Horizontal Plane
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Transverse or Cross-Section Plane is the correct answer as it divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) halves. This plane runs horizontally across the body, perpendicular to the long axis, separating the body into upper and lower sections. Choice A, the Sagittal/Median Plane, divides the body into left and right halves, not superior and inferior halves. Choice B, the Frontal/Coronal Plane, divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves. Choice D, the Horizontal Plane, is not a standard anatomical plane used to divide the body into specific sections.
What are the three types of capillaries?
- A. Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
- B. Continuous, discontinuous, fenestrated
- C. Sinusoidal, alveolar, continuous
- D. Continuous, fenestrated, vascular
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal. Capillaries are classified into three types based on their permeability: continuous (least permeable), fenestrated (moderately permeable), and sinusoidal (most permeable). Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not represent the three main types of capillaries. Choice B includes 'discontinuous' which is not a recognized type. Choice C includes 'alveolar' which is not a type of capillary, and Choice D includes 'vascular' which is too broad and not specific to capillary classification.
Where does most of the chemical digestion take place?
- A. Large intestine
- B. Stomach
- C. Small intestine
- D. Esophagus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Most of the chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine. Enzymes in the small intestine break down nutrients into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. The stomach plays a role in digestion by breaking down food mechanically and initiating some chemical digestion, but the majority of nutrient breakdown and absorption happens in the small intestine. The large intestine mainly absorbs water and salts, with little to no digestion taking place there. The esophagus is a muscular tube that helps move food from the mouth to the stomach and does not participate in digestion.
What macromolecules are formed from amino acids, and what are their roles?
- A. Lipids; store energy
- B. Carbohydrates; provide energy
- C. Proteins; perform various functions like catalysis, transport, and structural support
- D. Nucleic acids; store genetic information
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Proteins are macromolecules formed from amino acids and have diverse roles, such as serving as enzymes, transport molecules, and providing structural support. They are essential for catalysis, cellular communication, immune response, and many other functions in living organisms. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Lipids are not formed from amino acids but from fatty acids and glycerol, mainly serving as energy storage molecules. Carbohydrates are composed of sugars and provide energy to the body. Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are made up of nucleotides and store genetic information in cells.
What is glucagon, where is it produced, and what is its function?
- A. Produced in the liver, releases glucose
- B. Produced in the pancreas, raises blood sugar
- C. Produced in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar
- D. Produced in the adrenal glands, regulates stress response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glucagon is a hormone produced in the pancreas and functions to raise blood sugar levels. It does so by signaling the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is B, 'Produced in the pancreas, raises blood sugar.' Choices A, C, and D describe functions or locations of other hormones, not glucagon. Glucagon is specifically released by alpha cells in the pancreas, making option B the correct choice.