Nokea
Microscopic examination of a smear from a chancre revealed spiral microorganisms. The bacteria were thin and mobile with 8-12 regular coils. What is the likely diagnosis?
- A. Syphilis
- B. Leptospirosis
- C. Lyme disease
- D. Relapsing fever
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct diagnosis is A: Syphilis. The spiral microorganisms described are characteristic of Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis. The thin and mobile bacteria with 8-12 regular coils match the morphology of Treponema pallidum. Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira interrogans, which are thicker and have hook-like ends, different from the described bacteria. Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which has a different appearance than the thin, coiled bacteria in the smear. Relapsing fever is caused by Borrelia recurrentis, which typically have irregular coils, unlike the regular coils seen in the smear.
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The complex of non-specific innate defense factors acting against number of infectious agents is known as:
- A. Adaptive immunity
- B. Immune memory
- C. Antibody
- D. Innate immunity (natural resistance)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Innate immunity (natural resistance). Innate immunity refers to the non-specific defense mechanisms that act against a variety of infectious agents. This includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular components like phagocytes and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity (A) is specific and involves the production of antibodies and immune memory (B), which are not part of the initial non-specific response. Antibodies (C) are part of the adaptive immune response and are produced in response to specific pathogens, not part of the non-specific innate defense factors.
Which bacteria are responsible for causing the disease tuberculosis?
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- D. Clostridium botulinum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium is responsible for causing tuberculosis as it specifically infects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body. Mycobacterium leprae (A) causes leprosy, Streptococcus pneumoniae (B) causes pneumonia, and Clostridium botulinum (D) causes botulism, making them incorrect choices for tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has unique characteristics and mechanisms that enable it to cause tuberculosis, such as its ability to evade the immune system and form granulomas in the lungs.
Examination of a smear from a chancre revealed mobile, long, spiral microorganisms with 8-12 regular coils. What is the causative agent?
- A. Treponema
- B. Leptospira
- C. Borrelia
- D. Vibrios
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Treponema. The characteristics described match Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis. Treponema has long, spiral shape with 8-12 regular coils. Leptospira (B) is a spirochete but has fewer coils and causes leptospirosis. Borrelia (C) is another spirochete but typically has irregular coils and causes Lyme disease. Vibrios (D) are curved rods and not spirochetes.
Which statement for immunomodulators is correct
- A. they can only stimulate the incomplete humoral and immune response
- B. Isoniazid is a very effective immunomodulator
- C. they can be natural and artificial compounds
- D. they can only suppress the incomplete humoral and immune response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
Choice C is correct because immunomodulators can indeed be natural (e.g., cytokines) or artificial compounds (e.g., synthetic peptides). They work by modulating the immune response, enhancing or suppressing it as needed.
Choice A is incorrect because immunomodulators can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses.
Choice B is incorrect as isoniazid is primarily an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis, not an immunomodulator.
Choice D is incorrect because immunomodulators can have varying effects on the immune response, not just suppress it.
A patient was taken to a hospital with acute food poisoning caused by homemade canned mushrooms. The product analysis revealed some microorganisms that develop only in the absence of oxygen. What microorganisms caused the poisoning?
- A. Obligate anaerobes
- B. Facultative anaerobes
- C. Microaerophiles
- D. Obligate aerobes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Obligate anaerobes. These microorganisms thrive in the absence of oxygen, as seen in the canned mushrooms where oxygen is limited. They produce toxins causing food poisoning. Facultative anaerobes (B) can survive with or without oxygen. Microaerophiles (C) require low levels of oxygen. Obligate aerobes (D) need oxygen to survive and would not be responsible for the poisoning in this case.