Nokea
The suffix -virales is given to the following terms within the taxon
- A. Species
- B. Order
- C. Family
- D. Genus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Order. The suffix -virales is used in virology to denote the order level in the taxonomy of viruses. Orders are higher taxonomic ranks compared to species, family, and genus. The suffix -virales is specifically assigned to virus orders, making choice B the correct one. The other choices (A, C, D) are incorrect because the suffix -virales does not apply to species, family, or genus in the taxonomic classification of viruses.
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Which scientist performed the first successful vaccination against smallpox?
- A. Pasteur
- B. Jenner
- C. Semmelweis
- D. Koch
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Jenner. Edward Jenner is credited with performing the first successful vaccination against smallpox in 1796. He used cowpox virus to inoculate individuals, leading to immunity against smallpox. Jenner's experiment laid the foundation for modern vaccination. Pasteur (A) is known for developing the germ theory of disease. Semmelweis (C) advocated for handwashing to prevent infections. Koch (D) identified the causative agents of several diseases but did not develop the smallpox vaccine.
Which of the following diseases is considered to fall in the group II category?
- A. Anthrax
- B. Lyme disease
- C. Mumps
- D. Smallpox
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mumps. Group II diseases are vaccine-preventable diseases that are communicable and can cause outbreaks. Mumps fits this criteria as it is preventable through vaccination, easily transmitted through respiratory droplets, and can lead to outbreaks in communities. Anthrax (A) is a zoonotic disease, Lyme disease (B) is transmitted by ticks, and Smallpox (D) has been eradicated.
Which of the following organisms produces aflatoxin, a carcinogenic substance?
- A. Candida albicans
- B. Claviceps purpurea
- C. Aspergillus flavus
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Aspergillus flavus is a fungus known to produce aflatoxin.
2. Aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen found in contaminated food.
3. Candida albicans is a yeast species not associated with aflatoxin production.
4. Claviceps purpurea is a fungus that produces ergot alkaloids, not aflatoxin.
5. Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium known for causing food poisoning, not aflatoxin production.
Summary: Aspergillus flavus is the correct answer as it is the organism known to produce aflatoxin, a carcinogenic substance. Other choices are incorrect as they are not associated with aflatoxin production.
Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall that:
- A. contains teichoic acid
- B. is thicker than that of Gram-positive bacteria
- C. contains lipopolysaccharides
- D. is composed entirely of peptidoglycan
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, as Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall containing lipopolysaccharides. This outer membrane structure is unique to Gram-negative bacteria and plays a critical role in pathogenicity and immune response. Teichoic acid (choice A) is found in Gram-positive bacteria. The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is thinner than that of Gram-positive bacteria (choice B). The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is not composed entirely of peptidoglycan (choice D), as it also contains other components like lipopolysaccharides.
The six generally recognized types of H. Influenzae are: a,b,c,d,e and f. They are divided on the basis of their:
- A. Vi-antigen
- B. K-antigen
- C. O-antigen
- D. H-antigen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: K-antigen. H. Influenzae types are classified based on their capsular polysaccharides, which are known as K-antigens. The K-antigen is a major virulence factor and plays a crucial role in the pathogenicity of H. Influenzae. The other options (A, C, D) are not used to classify H. Influenzae types. Vi-antigen is related to Salmonella serotyping, O-antigen is characteristic of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and H-antigen is typically associated with flagellar antigens of bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli.