Nokea
Which bacteria is commonly associated with foodborne illnesses?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Campylobacter jejuni
- C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- D. Haemophilus influenzae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Campylobacter jejuni. This bacteria is commonly associated with foodborne illnesses due to its presence in undercooked poultry and unpasteurized milk. Campylobacteriosis is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Streptococcus pneumoniae (A) causes pneumonia, not foodborne illnesses. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (C) causes tuberculosis, not foodborne illnesses. Haemophilus influenzae (D) can cause respiratory infections but is not commonly associated with foodborne illnesses.
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Which of the following bacteria produces an endotoxin responsible for septic shock?
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Neisseria meningitidis
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Neisseria meningitidis all produce endotoxins that can lead to septic shock. Endotoxins are part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and N. meningitidis, which can trigger a severe immune response leading to septic shock. S. aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium, produces toxins that can also contribute to septic shock. Therefore, all of these bacteria can produce endotoxins responsible for septic shock. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they only identify individual bacteria that produce endotoxins, whereas the correct answer encompasses all bacteria listed.
Gram-negative rods producing blue-green pigment and a fruity odor were isolated from a wound infection. What is the causative agent?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Proteus mirabilis
- C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is known for producing a blue-green pigment called pyocyanin, which gives a characteristic color to the colonies. The fruity odor is due to the production of a compound called 2-aminoacetophenone by P. aeruginosa. These features are classic for P. aeruginosa and help differentiate it from other Gram-negative rods. Proteus mirabilis (B) typically does not produce blue-green pigment or fruity odor. Klebsiella pneumoniae (C) and Escherichia coli (D) also do not exhibit these specific characteristics associated with P. aeruginosa.
In humans, the embryonic phase of development extends from fertilization to the end of week __________, after which the developing infant is called a fetus.
- A. 2
- B. 6
- C. 8
- D. 12
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 8. The embryonic phase in humans lasts until the end of week 8. During this time, the major organs and structures of the body begin to form. After week 8, the developing organism is referred to as a fetus. Choice A (2) is too early for this transition to occur, Choice B (6) is also premature, and Choice D (12) is too late as the embryonic phase ends before week 12. Therefore, the correct answer is C (8) as it accurately reflects the timeline of embryonic development in humans.
Patients planned for treatment with monoclonal antibodies are tested for:
- A. HBV
- B. HCV
- C. M. tuberculosis
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All are correct. Patients planned for treatment with monoclonal antibodies should be tested for HBV, HCV, and M. tuberculosis due to the risk of reactivation of these infections during treatment. HBV and HCV reactivation can lead to severe liver damage, while M. tuberculosis reactivation can cause serious respiratory complications. Testing for all three infections helps in identifying and managing any pre-existing infections to ensure patient safety during monoclonal antibody treatment. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of these infections presents specific risks that need to be assessed before initiating monoclonal antibody therapy.
Erysipelas is a bacterial infection characterised by well-defined areas of bright-red, inflamed and rough or leathery skin. Which one is the causative agent:
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Streptococcus pyogenes
- D. Candida albicans
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for Choice C (Streptococcus pyogenes) being the correct answer:
1. Erysipelas is a skin infection characterized by well-defined red, inflamed skin areas.
2. Streptococcus pyogenes is a common causative agent of erysipelas.
3. This bacterium produces enzymes that break down skin proteins, leading to the characteristic symptoms of erysipelas.
4. Streptococcus pyogenes is known for causing skin infections, including erysipelas.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Typically causes opportunistic infections, but not commonly associated with erysipelas.
B. Staphylococcus aureus: Can cause skin infections, but not typically associated with erysipelas.
D. Candida albicans: Fungal infection, not a bacterium, and not known to cause erysipelas.