Nokea
All are features of diabetic ketoacidosis except:
- A. Hyperthermia
- B. Drowsiness
- C. Dehydration
- D. Air hunger
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperthermia is not a typical feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is typically characterized by high blood sugar levels, ketone accumulation, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, drowsiness, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. Common symptoms include drowsiness, dehydration, and air hunger (deep and rapid breathing). However, hyperthermia, which refers to an elevated body temperature, is not a characteristic typically associated with DKA. It is important to monitor and manage DKA promptly as it is a serious complication of diabetes that requires immediate medical attention.
You may also like to solve these questions
Cushing's syndrome does not give rise to:
- A. Hirsutism
- B. Peripheral neuropathy
- C. Purple striae
- D. Acne
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is a disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol hormone. While Cushing's syndrome can manifest with a variety of symptoms, peripheral neuropathy is not a typical feature of this condition. Cushing's syndrome is commonly associated with symptoms such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth), purple striae (skin stretch marks that are purple in color), and acne due to the hormonal imbalances it creates. Peripheral neuropathy, which involves damage to the peripheral nerves leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and weakness in the extremities, is not a characteristic symptom of Cushing's syndrome.
All of the following develop into dwarfism except:
- A. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- B. Hypopituitarism
- C. Homocystinuria
- D. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia does not lead to dwarfism. It is a group of genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands and can cause various symptoms related to hormone imbalances. In contrast, the other conditions listed - hypopituitarism, homocystinuria, and pseudohypoparathyroidism - can all lead to dwarfism through different mechanisms. Hypopituitarism is characterized by a deficiency of pituitary hormones, including growth hormone, which can result in stunted growth and dwarfism. Homocystinuria is a metabolic disorder that can affect bone growth and lead to skeletal abnormalities resulting in dwarfism. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare genetic disorder that can manifest with short stature or dwarfism due to skeletal abnormalities caused by altered bone metabolism.
The triad of hyponatraemia, haemodilution and urine hypertonic to plasma suggest diagnosis of:
- A. Nephrotic syndrome
- B. SIADH
- C. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- D. Addison's disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The triad of hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood), haemodilution (increased plasma volume), and urine hypertonic to plasma (high urine osmolality compared to blood osmolality) is characteristic of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). In SIADH, there is excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, leading to water retention by the kidneys and dilutional hyponatremia. This condition results in the body holding onto water, causing hyponatremia and dilution of the blood. The urine being hypertonic compared to plasma indicates that the kidneys are reabsorbing water effectively and concentrating the urine.
Which of the following is not a neuromuscular feature of thyrotoxicosis?
- A. Myasthenic syndrome
- B. Brisk knee jerk
- C. Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis
- D. Hyperkinesia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Thyrotoxicosis typically presents with hypermetabolism and various neuromuscular manifestations. Myasthenic syndrome, which involves muscle weakness and fatigability, is not a common neuromuscular feature of thyrotoxicosis. Instead, manifestations such as brisk knee jerk reflexes, hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (due to shifts in potassium levels), and hyperkinesia (excessive movement) are more commonly observed in patients with thyrotoxicosis. Myasthenic syndrome is more commonly associated with autoimmune disorders affecting the neuromuscular junction, such as myasthenia gravis.
Which of the followings is consistent with neuropathic pain due to diabetes:
- A. Burning pain
- B. Electric shock quality
- C. Tingling
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neuropathic pain due to diabetes can present with a variety of symptoms, including burning pain, electric shock quality, and tingling sensation. These symptoms are commonly reported by individuals with diabetic neuropathy, which is the most common form of neuropathic pain associated with diabetes. The combination of these sensations can significantly impact the quality of life for those living with diabetes and neuropathic pain. Therefore, all of the above options are consistent with neuropathic pain due to diabetes.