Nokea
Which of the following hormones retains sodium in the body?
- A. Antidiuretic hormone
- B. Aldosterone
- C. Thyroid hormone
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. One of its primary functions is to retain sodium in the body, leading to increased reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys. This retention of sodium helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance. In contrast, other hormones like antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily regulate water reabsorption, while thyroid hormone and insulin do not have a direct role in retaining sodium in the body.
You may also like to solve these questions
which of the following must be present in order for an infant with complete transposition of the great vessels to survive at birth?
- A. coarctation of aorta
- B. pulmonary stenosis
- C. patent ductus arteriosus
- D. mitral stenosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In an infant with complete transposition of the great vessels, the survival at birth depends on the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) to allow mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. In this condition, the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, leading to separate circulatory pathways for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The survival of the infant is dependent on the remaining fetal shunts, such as a PDA, to maintain an adequate mixing of blood until corrective surgery can be performed. Therefore, the presence of a PDA is essential for the survival of an infant with complete transposition of the great vessels at birth.
Prenatal screening is recommended for all pregnant women to detect neural tube defect. If a neural tube defect is present, one of the following is often elevated
- A. human chorionic gonadotropin
- B. a-fetoprotein
- C. estriol
- D. inhibin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels are elevated in maternal serum when a neural tube defect is present due to fetal leakage of AFP into the amniotic fluid and maternal circulation.
A febrile patient's fluid output is in excess of normal because of diaphoresis. The nurse should plan fluid replacement based on the knowledge that insensible losses in an afebrile person are normally not greater than:
- A. 300ml/24hr
- B. 900ml/24hr
- C. 600ml/24hr
- D. 1200ml/24hr
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insensible losses are the fluid losses that occur without the individual being aware of it, such as through breathing, sweating, and through the skin. In an afebrile person, insensible losses are normally around 600ml per 24 hours. This amount can vary depending on factors such as temperature, humidity, and individual metabolism. When a patient is febrile and experiencing diaphoresis (excessive sweating), the fluid output can increase significantly due to the body's attempts to cool itself down. It is important for the nurse to consider these increased fluid losses when planning fluid replacement for a febrile patient to prevent dehydration.
A 40 year-old female nurse had a fecal impaction and was admitted to the hospital. The physician orders an oil retention enema followed by a cleansing enema. What is the rationale for administering the oiul enema first?
- A. lubricate the walls of the intestinal tract
- B. soften the fecal mass and lubricate the walls of the rectum and colon
- C. reduce bacterial content of the fecal mass
- D. coat the walls of the intestines to prevent irritation by the hardened fecal mass
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The rationale for administering the oil retention enema first in this case is to help soften the fecal mass and lubricate the walls of the rectum and colon. This will make it easier for the impacted stool to be passed, reducing the risk of injury or discomfort during the procedure. The oil enema acts as a lubricant, making it easier for the hardened fecal mass to be expelled from the body without causing damage to the intestinal walls. Additionally, the oil enema helps to soften the fecal mass, further aiding in its removal.
You are discussing with medical students the role of chemotherapy in malignant germ cell tumors (GCTs); you state that GCTs are sensitive to some types of chemotherapy. Of the following, the MOST effective chemotherapeutic agent in GCTs is
- A. vincristine
- B. cyclophosphamide
- C. cisplatin
- D. methotrexate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cisplatin is a cornerstone in the treatment of germ cell tumors.