Nokea
The initial neurological symptom of Guilain-Barre Syndrome is:
- A. Absent tendon reflex
- B. Paresthesia of the legs
- C. Dysrhythmias
- D. Transient hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The initial neurological symptom of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is typically paresthesia, which is a tingling or numbness sensation in the legs. GBS is an autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. As the condition progresses, symptoms may worsen and may include absent tendon reflexes, weakness in the arms and legs, and difficulty breathing. However, paresthesia is often one of the earliest and most common symptoms of GBS.
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Which screening test for colorectal cancer should the nurse recommend?
- A. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test
- B. Annual digital examination after age 50
- C. Barium enema after age 50
- D. Proctosigmoidoscopy after age 50
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The nurse should recommend a proctosigmoidoscopy for colorectal cancer screening in individuals over the age of 50. This procedure allows for the visualization of the lower part of the colon and rectum, which are common sites for precancerous and cancerous lesions to develop. Proctosigmoidoscopy can help identify abnormalities early on, allowing for prompt intervention and treatment. This screening method helps in detecting colorectal cancer or pre-cancerous polyps at an early stage when they are more easily treatable. Regular screening is essential for early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer. Other screening tests such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test, annual digital examination, and barium enema are not recommended as primary screening methods for colorectal cancer.
A client with end-stage acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has profound manifestations of Cryptosporidium infection caused by the protozoa. In planning the client's care, the nurse should focus on his need for:
- A. Pain management
- B. Antiretroviral therapy
- C. Fluid replacement
- D. High-calorie intake
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In a client with end-stage acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) manifesting with profound Cryptosporidium infection, fluid replacement is crucial for managing the symptoms and complications. Cryptosporidium infection can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, leading to significant fluid loss. Therefore, the primary focus of care in this situation should be on maintaining adequate hydration through fluid replacement. This is essential for preventing further complications and supporting the client's overall health and well-being. Pain management, antiretroviral therapy, and high-calorie intake may be important aspects of care in other situations but are not the priority in managing a client with severe Cryptosporidium infection and dehydration.
The nurse is conducting a staff in-service on renal ultrasounds. Which statement describes this diagnostic test?
- A. Computed tomography uses external radiation to visualize the renal system.
- B. Visualization of the renal system is accomplished without exposure to radiation or radioactive isotopes.
- C. Contrast medium and x-rays allow for visualization of the renal system.
- D. External radiation for x-ray films is used to visualize the renal system, before, during, and after voiding.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Renal ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the kidneys and surrounding structures. Unlike computed tomography (CT) scans (Choice A) or intravenous pyelograms (Choice C) which may involve exposure to radiation or contrast medium, renal ultrasounds do not expose the patient to radiation or radioactive isotopes, making it a safe option for imaging the renal system. Ultrasounds are commonly used to assess kidney size, detect kidney stones, evaluate blood flow to the kidneys, and diagnose various renal conditions, such as hydronephrosis or renal cysts.
Which finding requires immediate attention in a child with glomerulonephritis?
- A. Sleeping most of the day with BP 170/90.
- B. Urine output of 190 mL in 8 hours with Coca-Cola-colored urine.
- C. Severe headache and photophobia.
- D. Refusal to eat with poor appetite.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A severe headache with photophobia may indicate hypertensive encephalopathy; this requires prompt evaluation.
A mother brings her children into the clinic and they are diagnosed with chickenpox. The mother had chickenpox as a child and is not concerned with contracting the disease when caring for her children. what type of immunity does this mother have?
- A. Active natural immunity
- B. Passive artificial immunity
- C. Passive natural immunity
- D. Active artificial immunity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The mother in this scenario had chickenpox as a child, which means she was exposed to the virus and developed immunity through her own immune response. This type of immunity acquired as a result of natural exposure to an infectious agent is called active natural immunity. In this case, the mother's immune system "learned" how to recognize and fight off the chickenpox virus when she was previously infected, leading to the development of memory cells that provide long-lasting protection against future infections.