Nokea
Which of the ff. type of eyedrops does the nurse understand is given to constrict the pupil, permitting aqueous humor to flow around the lens?
- A. Osmotic
- B. Mydriatic
- C. Myotic
- D. Cycloplegic
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Mydriatic eye drops are used to dilate or enlarge the pupil. By dilating the pupil, these eye drops allow more light to enter the eye and are often used before eye exams. This dilation also permits aqueous humor to flow around the lens. In contrast, myotic eye drops are used to constrict the pupil, which can increase pressure in the eye. Osmotic eye drops are used to reduce intraocular pressure by drawing fluid out of the eye. Cycloplegic eye drops are used to temporarily paralyze the muscles in the eye, affecting accommodation and pupil size.
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These facts are true regarding the developmental stage of preschool children EXCEPT
- A. handedness is achieved by 3 years of age
- B. boys are usually later than girls in achieving bladder control
- C. knowing gender by 4 years
- D. egocentric thinking
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Egocentric thinking is characteristic of preschool-age children.
The nurse is conducting a staff in-service on renal ultrasounds. Which statement describes this diagnostic test?
- A. Computed tomography uses external radiation to visualize the renal system.
- B. Visualization of the renal system is accomplished without exposure to radiation or radioactive isotopes.
- C. Contrast medium and x-rays allow for visualization of the renal system.
- D. External radiation for x-ray films is used to visualize the renal system, before, during, and after voiding.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Renal ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the kidneys and surrounding structures. Unlike computed tomography (CT) scans (Choice A) or intravenous pyelograms (Choice C) which may involve exposure to radiation or contrast medium, renal ultrasounds do not expose the patient to radiation or radioactive isotopes, making it a safe option for imaging the renal system. Ultrasounds are commonly used to assess kidney size, detect kidney stones, evaluate blood flow to the kidneys, and diagnose various renal conditions, such as hydronephrosis or renal cysts.
Which of the following dietary interventions prevents the precipitation of calcium renal stones?
- A. High fiber diet
- B. Increased protein intake
- C. High fluid intake
- D. Intake of zinc
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: High fluid intake is the dietary intervention that prevents the precipitation of calcium renal stones. By increasing fluid intake, particularly water, the urine gets diluted, thus reducing the concentration of substances that can lead to the formation of kidney stones, including calcium. Drinking enough water can also help to flush out any potential stone-forming minerals or substances before they have a chance to crystallize and form stones in the kidney. It is recommended to have an adequate fluid intake of around 2 to 3 liters per day to reduce the risk of calcium stone formation in the kidneys. High fiber diet, increased protein intake, and intake of zinc do not directly prevent the precipitation of calcium renal stones as effectively as maintaining high fluid intake.
These facts are true regarding the developmental stage of preschool children EXCEPT
- A. handedness is achieved by 3 years of age
- B. boys are usually later than girls in achieving bladder control
- C. knowing gender by 4 years
- D. egocentric thinking
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Egocentric thinking is characteristic of preschool-age children.
Which occurs in septic shock?
- A. Hypothermia
- B. Increased cardiac output
- C. Vasoconstriction
- D. Angioneurotic edema
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In septic shock, vasoconstriction is a common phenomenon. This occurs as part of the body's response to the infection, where blood vessels constrict in an attempt to maintain blood pressure and perfusion to vital organs. The vasoconstriction leads to increased systemic vascular resistance and contributes to the hypotension seen in septic shock. The body's natural response to infection also involves a release of inflammatory mediators, which can cause vasodilation in some areas while concurrent vasoconstriction occurs in others, resulting in uneven blood flow distribution and contributing to organ dysfunction. Therefore, vasoconstriction is a key factor in the pathophysiology of septic shock.