Nokea
Cell-mediated immunity is NOT usually associated with what condition:
- A. Rejection of tissue graft
- B. Production of antibodies
- C. Skin hypersensitivity reaction
- D. Surveying for malignant cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cell-mediated immunity is a type of immune response that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells and other immune cells to directly target and destroy infected or abnormal cells. It does not involve the production of antibodies, which are the primary component of humoral immunity. Antibodies are produced by B cells and are responsible for targeting extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. In contrast, cell-mediated immunity is more focused on targeting intracellular pathogens, cancerous cells, and other cells that have been compromised. So, production of antibodies is not usually associated with cell-mediated immunity.
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The BEST example of how the nurse can create a climate in which clients do not feel threatened is by teaching on a topic about:
- A. Stress, where the nurse plays pop music throughout the first session
- B. Good nutrition, while the nurse provides a meal
- C. Exercise, where the nurse begins to share her difficulties she sometimes finds in trying to exercise
- D. Diabetes, where the nurse asks diabetics to talk to the class during the first session
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best example of how the nurse can create a climate in which clients do not feel threatened is by teaching on good nutrition while providing a meal. This approach not only addresses an important topic that is beneficial for the clients but also creates a comfortable and welcoming atmosphere. By offering a meal, the nurse is able to engage the clients in a familiar and non-threatening activity, making them more receptive to the information being shared. Additionally, sharing a meal can help to build rapport and create a sense of community among the clients and the nurse, leading to a more positive learning experience.
Nurse Sandy selected a framework which focuses " that humans are in constant relationship with stressors in the environment and that nursing is keeping the patient's system adjust to wellness which is BEST reflected in _______.
- A. Parse's human becoming theory
- B. Peplau's psychodynamic theory
- C. Neuman's adaptation model
- D. Swanson's theory of caring
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neuman's adaptation model, also known as the Neuman Systems Model, is a nursing theory that focuses on how individuals respond to stressors in their environment. The model views individuals as being in a constant state of dynamic equilibrium, where they are interacting with stressors that can disrupt their normal functioning. Nursing care, according to this model, is aimed at helping individuals maintain or restore their optimal level of wellness by assisting them in adapting to these stressors. Therefore, Nurse Sandy's selection of a framework that emphasizes the constant relationship between humans and stressors in the environment aligns best with Neuman's adaptation model.
Which of the following interventions is most appropriate for a patient experiencing an acute asthma exacerbation with severe respiratory distress and hypoxemia?
- A. Administration of high-flow oxygen via nasal cannula
- B. Initiation of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV)
- C. Nebulized albuterol/ipratropium combination therapy
- D. Intravenous corticosteroid therapy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a patient experiencing an acute asthma exacerbation with severe respiratory distress and hypoxemia, the most appropriate intervention is to initiate non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). NIPPV can help improve ventilation, decrease work of breathing, and correct hypoxemia by providing positive pressure to keep the airways open, reduce air trapping, and increase the elimination of carbon dioxide. This intervention can help improve oxygenation and reduce the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with severe asthma exacerbations. Administering high-flow oxygen via nasal cannula alone may not provide enough support for patients with severe respiratory distress. Nebulized albuterol/ipratropium combination therapy and intravenous corticosteroid therapy are also important treatments for asthma exacerbations but are not the first-line interventions for patients with severe respiratory distress and hypoxemia.
A cognitive assessment of Belle indicated that according to Piaget's theory she was functioning at the concrete operational stage. Which of these behaviors would the nurse observe in Belle?
- A. Thinks logically and sees possibilities.
- B. Understands only her own viewpoint.
- C. Feels her own reasoning should agree with the reasoning of others.
- D. Makes and tests hypothesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: At the concrete operational stage according to Piaget's theory, children typically demonstrate logical thinking abilities and are able to understand and work with concrete objects and events. They can also grasp concepts such as conservation and classification. These children are able to think logically about concrete events but may still struggle with abstract and hypothetical situations. Therefore, Belle, functioning at the concrete operational stage, would exhibit behaviors such as thinking logically and being able to see possibilities, as described in option A.
A patient presents with fever, headache, myalgia, and a skin lesion resembling a "bull's eye" rash at the site of a tick bite. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Plasmodium falciparum
- B. Trypanosoma cruzi
- C. Borrelia burgdorferi
- D. Leishmania donovani
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The presentation described in the question, including the skin lesion resembling a "bull's eye" rash at the site of a tick bite, is characteristic of Lyme disease. Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis). The symptoms of Lyme disease include fever, headache, myalgia, and the erythema migrans rash, which appears as a red circular rash with central clearing resembling a bull's eye.