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In response to chronic hypoxia, which physiological adaptation occurs in the body to increase oxygen delivery to tissues?
- A. Decreased erythropoietin production
- B. Decreased red blood cell production
- C. Increased cardiac output
- D. Decreased ventilation rate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In response to chronic hypoxia, the body adapts to increase oxygen delivery to tissues by increasing cardiac output. This is achieved by increasing the heart rate and stroke volume, allowing more oxygenated blood to be pumped to the tissues. The increased cardiac output helps compensate for the lower oxygen levels in the blood, ensuring that tissues receive an adequate supply of oxygen despite the hypoxic conditions. This physiological adaptation is essential for maintaining tissue oxygenation and supporting overall cellular function in the presence of chronic hypoxia.
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A patient with a history of coronary artery disease is scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Which preoperative nursing intervention is essential for preparing the patient for surgery?
- A. Administering aspirin to prevent thrombosis
- B. Providing education about postoperative pain management
- C. Assisting the patient with deep breathing and coughing exercises
- D. Obtaining informed consent for the surgical procedure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Preoperative nursing intervention that is essential for preparing a patient with a history of coronary artery disease for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is assisting the patient with deep breathing and coughing exercises. These exercises are crucial to prevent postoperative complications such as atelectasis and pneumonia, which are common risks after surgery. Deep breathing exercises help to expand the lungs and improve ventilation, while coughing exercises help to clear secretions and prevent respiratory complications. By assisting the patient with these exercises preoperatively, the nurse can help optimize the patient's respiratory function and decrease the risk of complications during and after surgery. Administering aspirin, providing education about pain management, and obtaining informed consent are also important aspects of preoperative care, but assisting with deep breathing and coughing exercises is particularly essential for patients undergoing CABG surgery due to the increased risk of respiratory complications in this population.
After tracheostomy procedure, the nurse documents important observation made during the procedure such us _________.
- A. Response of the patient's after procedure
- B. Vital signs of the patient's during the procedure
- C. Amount, color and consistency of sputum and appearance of the incision
- D. Behavior of the patient during the procedure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: It is essential for the nurse to document important observations made during a tracheostomy procedure, and this includes the amount, color, and consistency of sputum as well as the appearance of the incision. Monitoring these factors helps assess the patient's respiratory status, risk of infection, and wound healing progress. Ensuring detailed documentation in this area allows for timely intervention if there are any concerning changes observed post-procedure. Observations such as the response of the patient, vital signs during the procedure, and patient behavior are also important but may be documented separately from the specific details related to sputum, incision appearance, and wound care.
A patient receiving palliative care for end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) expresses a desire to discuss advance care planning. What action should the palliative nurse take?
- A. Dismiss the patient's request and focus on symptom management.
- B. Initiate a conversation about advance directives and future care preferences.
- C. Encourage the patient to postpone discussions about advance care planning.
- D. Refer the patient to a social worker for assistance with advance care planning.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When a patient receiving palliative care for end-stage COPD expresses a desire to discuss advance care planning, the palliative nurse should initiate a conversation about advance directives and future care preferences. Advance care planning involves discussing and documenting a patient's preferences regarding future medical care, particularly in situations where the patient may no longer be able to make decisions. This discussion helps ensure that the patient's wishes are respected and followed in the event they are unable to communicate their preferences. By engaging in advance care planning discussions, the nurse can help the patient feel empowered, supported, and in control of their medical care decisions. It also allows healthcare providers to align care with the patient's values and goals, ultimately improving quality of life and ensuring dignity at the end of life.
Which of the following actions is appropriate for managing a conscious patient with a foreign object lodged in the eye?
- A. Attempting to remove the object with tweezers.
- B. Rinsing the eye with sterile saline solution.
- C. Applying pressure to the eyelid to dislodge the object.
- D. Placing a bandage over the affected eye.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When managing a conscious patient with a foreign object lodged in the eye, the appropriate action is to rinse the eye with sterile saline solution. This helps to flush out the foreign object and reduce the risk of further injury or infection. Attempting to remove the object with tweezers or applying pressure to the eyelid can potentially cause more harm to the eye. Placing a bandage over the affected eye is not beneficial in this situation as it does not address the presence of the foreign object. Rinsing the eye with sterile saline solution is the safest and most effective initial step to take in managing a foreign object lodged in the eye.
As an epidemiology nurse, Nurse Rona's PRIMARY function and responsibility is to _____.
- A. Assist the epidemiologist in making reports
- B. Implement public health surveillance
- C. Render nursing care to sick residents
- D. Follow up cases and contacts Situation.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: As an epidemiology nurse, Nurse Rona's primary function and responsibility is to implement public health surveillance. Epidemiology nurses play a crucial role in monitoring and controlling the spread of diseases within communities. This involves conducting surveillance activities to identify patterns of disease occurrence, investigating outbreaks, collecting and analyzing data, and collaborating with various stakeholders to develop strategies for disease prevention and control. While providing nursing care to sick residents is important, the primary focus of an epidemiology nurse is on population-based health issues rather than individual patient care. Additionally, while Nurse Rona may assist epidemiologists in making reports and follow up cases and contacts, her main role is to implement public health surveillance to protect and promote the health of the community as a whole.