Nokea
Which medications could potentially cause hyperstimulation of the uterus during labor? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Oxytocin (Pitocin)
- B. Misoprostol (Cytote
- C. Dinoprostone (Cervidil)
- D. Methylergonovine maleate (Methergin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Oxytocin (Pitocin). Oxytocin is a uterotonic agent commonly used to induce or augment labor. It can cause hyperstimulation of the uterus, leading to uterine hypertonicity and potentially compromising fetal oxygenation. Misoprostol, Dinoprostone, and Methylergonovine maleate are not known to cause hyperstimulation of the uterus during labor.
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A 20-year-old gravida 1 para 0 presents to the prenatal clinic with a chief complaint that she feels like she is pregnant. Which are presumptive signs of pregnancy? Select all that apply.
- A. Linea nigra
- B. Breast tenderness
- C. Leukorrhea
- D. Chadwick’s sign
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Linea nigra. Linea nigra is a presumptive sign of pregnancy, which refers to a dark line that appears on the abdomen. This sign is caused by hormonal changes during pregnancy. Breast tenderness (B) and leukorrhea (C) are actually probable signs of pregnancy, not presumptive signs. Chadwick's sign (D) is also a probable sign, not a presumptive sign. Presumptive signs are subjective symptoms reported by the patient and are not definitive indicators of pregnancy.
What complication makes uterine inversion an emergency?
- A. shock
- B. pain
- C. retained placenta
- D. hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: shock. Uterine inversion is an emergency due to the risk of shock. When the uterus turns inside out, it can lead to severe bleeding and disruption of blood flow, causing hypovolemic shock. This can be life-threatening if not promptly addressed. Pain (choice B) and retained placenta (choice C) are potential complications of uterine inversion but do not pose the immediate threat of shock. Hypertension (choice D) is not directly related to the urgency of uterine inversion.
What is the condition where the umbilical cord vessels cross the cervix?
- A. placenta previa
- B. placenta cervix
- C. velamentous insertion
- D. vasa previa
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: vasa previa. This condition occurs when the umbilical cord vessels cross the cervix, making them vulnerable to compression during labor. This can lead to fetal blood vessel rupture and potentially life-threatening bleeding. Placenta previa (A) is when the placenta partially or fully covers the cervix, unrelated to the cord position. Placenta cervix (B) is not a recognized medical term. Velamentous insertion (C) is when the blood vessels of the umbilical cord insert into the fetal membranes before reaching the placenta, also not directly related to cord position over the cervix.
What is one potential fetal complication of using obstetric forceps?
- A. flexion of the head
- B. abdominal complications
- C. skull fracture
- D. femur fracture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: skull fracture. When obstetric forceps are used during delivery, there is a risk of excessive pressure on the fetal skull, leading to a potential complication such as a skull fracture. This occurs due to the force exerted by the instrument during the delivery process, which can cause trauma to the baby's delicate skull bones. Flexion of the head (choice A) is a normal part of the birthing process and not a complication of forceps use. Abdominal complications (choice B) and femur fracture (choice D) are not typically associated with obstetric forceps use.
What is a condition in which there is an excessive amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus?
- A. amniotic fluid embolism
- B. gestational diabetes
- C. oligohydramnios
- D. polyhydramnios
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: polyhydramnios. Polyhydramnios is a condition characterized by an excessive amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. This can occur due to various reasons such as fetal malformations, multiple gestations, or maternal diabetes. The excess fluid can lead to complications such as preterm labor or fetal malpresentation.
A: Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare and life-threatening condition where amniotic fluid enters the maternal bloodstream, causing an allergic reaction.
B: Gestational diabetes is a condition where high blood sugar levels develop during pregnancy, but it is not directly related to the amount of amniotic fluid.
C: Oligohydramnios is the opposite of polyhydramnios, characterized by a deficiency of amniotic fluid, which can also lead to complications.