Nokea
Which hormone, produced by the kidneys,
- A. the glomerular capsule plays a role in the production of red blood
- B. the loop of Henle cells?
- C. pyramids of the kidney
- D. adrenaline
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys in the glomerular capsule, stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Choice B (the loop of Henle cells) is incorrect as they are involved in urine concentration, not hormone production. Choice C (pyramids of the kidney) is incorrect as they are structures in the kidney, not involved in hormone production. Choice D (adrenaline) is incorrect as it is produced by the adrenal glands, not the kidneys.
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Corticosteroids are absolutely contraindicated in which of the following types * of tuberculosis?
- A. Miliary
- B. Meningeal
- C. Intestinal
- D. Renal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Meningeal tuberculosis. Corticosteroids are contraindicated in meningeal tuberculosis because they can suppress the immune response, leading to increased bacterial growth and dissemination in the central nervous system. For miliary, intestinal, and renal tuberculosis, corticosteroids can be beneficial in reducing inflammation and improving outcomes.
Which of the following drug used in the treatment of filariasis?
- A. Diethylcarbamazine
- B. Albendazole
- C. Levamisole
- D. Piperazine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Diethylcarbamazine is the correct answer for treating filariasis because it targets the microfilariae, adult worms, and larvae of filarial parasites. It is specifically designed to kill these parasites and is considered the drug of choice for filariasis treatment. Albendazole, Levamisole, and Piperazine are not effective against filarial parasites and are used for different types of infections or conditions. Albendazole is mainly used for treating intestinal worms, Levamisole is used for parasitic infections in animals, and Piperazine is used for treating pinworm infections. Thus, only Diethylcarbamazine directly targets and eliminates filarial parasites, making it the correct choice for filariasis treatment.
Regarding renal colic secondary to calculi:
- A. Females are more commonly affected than males
- B. 50% of calculi are radio-opaque
- C. It may present without haematuria
- D. There is a 20% chance of recurrence by 5 years
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because renal colic can present without hematuria. Renal colic is typically associated with severe flank pain caused by ureteral stones. Hematuria is a common symptom but not always present. This is due to the stone's location and size affecting the degree of irritation and damage to the urinary tract. Therefore, the absence of hematuria does not exclude the possibility of renal colic. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Females are not more commonly affected than males, calculi can be either radio-opaque or radio-lucent, and the recurrence rate by 5 years is closer to 50% rather than 20%.
A patient with adrenal tumor has symptoms of hypertension, edema, hypernatremia and hypokalemia. Which drug would be most likely to prescribe to antagonize the renal and systemic side effects of the hormone excess?
- A. Spironolactone
- B. Bumetanide
- C. Furosemide
- D. Acetazolamide
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Spironolactone. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that works by antagonizing aldosterone, which is responsible for the symptoms of hypertension, edema, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia seen in adrenal tumor. By blocking aldosterone receptors, spironolactone helps to reduce sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, thus counteracting the hormonal effects.
Bumetanide (choice B) and Furosemide (choice C) are loop diuretics that primarily work by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle and are unlikely to be as effective in this scenario. Acetazolamide (choice D) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that works in the proximal tubule and is not indicated for the specific hormonal effects seen in this case.
Which of the following fungicidal drug that acts by inhibiting fungal squalene epoxidase enzyme and is the drug of choice for onychomycosis of the toe nails in 56 year old woman with diabetes?
- A. Griseofulvin
- B. Terbinafine
- C. Itraconazole
- D. Amphotericin B
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Terbinafine is a fungicidal drug that inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase enzyme, disrupting fungal cell membrane synthesis.
Step 2: Onychomycosis of toenails is a common fungal infection that terbinafine is specifically effective against.
Step 3: The patient being a 56-year-old woman with diabetes may require a drug with good efficacy and safety profile, making terbinafine an appropriate choice.
Step 4: Griseofulvin (A) works by disrupting microtubule function, not inhibiting squalene epoxidase. Itraconazole (C) is an azole antifungal that inhibits ergosterol synthesis, not squalene epoxidase. Amphotericin B (D) is a polyene antifungal used for systemic mycoses, not onychomycosis.