Nokea
A nurse is interviewing a client who has acute pancreatitis. Which of the following factors should the nurse anticipate finding in the client's history?
- A. Gallstones
- B. Hypolipidemia
- C. COPD
- D. Diabetes mellitus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Gallstones. Acute pancreatitis is commonly caused by gallstones or alcohol consumption. Gallstones can block the pancreatic duct, leading to inflammation. Hypolipidemia, COPD, and diabetes mellitus are not directly associated with pancreatitis. This history finding helps the nurse identify the potential cause and plan appropriate care.
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The processes of chewing are referred to as _____.
- A. churning
- B. mastication
- C. peristalsis
- D. deglutition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mastication. Mastication refers to the mechanical process of chewing food in the mouth using the teeth and jaws. This process breaks down food into smaller pieces, making it easier to swallow and digest. Churning (A) is the mixing of food with digestive enzymes in the stomach. Peristalsis (C) is the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. Deglutition (D) is the process of swallowing food. Mastication is the most appropriate term for the process of chewing specifically.
Which finding by the nurse during abdominal auscultation indicates a need for a focused abdominal assessment?
- A. Loud gurgles
- B. High-pitched gurgles
- C. Absent bowel sounds
- D. Frequent clicking sounds
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, absent bowel sounds. Absence of bowel sounds may indicate a serious issue requiring further assessment. Normal bowel sounds include soft gurgles and clicks, so choices A, B, and D are variations of normal findings and do not necessarily indicate a need for further assessment. Absent bowel sounds could indicate bowel obstruction, peritonitis, or ischemia, warranting a focused abdominal assessment to determine the underlying cause.
The gallbladder contracts in response to
- A. vagal stimulation only.
- B. cholecystokinin and vagal stimulation.
- C. cholecystokinin and secretin.
- D. a low pH of chyme.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The gallbladder contracts in response to cholecystokinin and vagal stimulation. Cholecystokinin is released in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the duodenum, signaling the gallbladder to contract and release bile. Vagal stimulation also plays a role in gallbladder contraction by transmitting signals from the brain to the gallbladder. Secretin is primarily involved in stimulating pancreatic secretion, not gallbladder contraction. A low pH of chyme does not directly stimulate gallbladder contraction.
Combined with clinical manifestations, what is the laboratory finding that is most commonly used to diagnose acute pancreatitis?
- A. Increased serum calcium
- B. Increased serum amylase
- C. Increased urinary amylase
- D. Decreased serum glucose
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Increased serum amylase is a key laboratory finding used to diagnose acute pancreatitis.
Glucose and galactose in the small intestine are taken into the epithelial cell by ______ and passed into the interstitial fluid by
- A. diffusion; facilitated diffusion
- B. facilitated diffusion; cotransport
- C. cotransport; active transport
- D. cotransport; facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucose and galactose are taken into the epithelial cell by cotransport, where they are coupled with sodium ions. This process maintains a concentration gradient for glucose and galactose to move against. Once inside the cell, they are passed into the interstitial fluid by facilitated diffusion, where transport proteins assist their movement down their concentration gradient. Choices A and B are incorrect because they do not involve active transport, which is necessary to move molecules against their concentration gradient. Choice C is incorrect because active transport requires energy input, whereas facilitated diffusion does not.