Nokea
Bile salts combine with fatty acids to form complexes called _____ that facilitate absorption.
- A. chylomicrons
- B. micelles
- C. globules
- D. lipoproteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: micelles. Bile salts emulsify fats in the small intestine, forming micelles that enhance the absorption of fatty acids. Chylomicrons (A) are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids, not complexes with bile salts. Globules (C) are not specifically related to bile salts and fatty acids. Lipoproteins (D) are also involved in lipid transport but are not the complexes formed by bile salts and fatty acids. Thus, choice B is the correct answer as it directly relates to the process of fat absorption facilitated by bile salts.
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What laboratory findings are expected in ulcerative colitis as a result of diarrhea and vomiting?
- A. Increased albumin
- B. Elevated white blood cells (WBCs)
- C. Decreased Na+, K+, Mg+, Cl'“, and HCO3'“
- D. Decreased hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In ulcerative colitis, diarrhea and vomiting lead to electrolyte imbalances, resulting in decreased levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
The projection from the posterior edge of the soft palate elevates and helps close off the nasopharynx when swallowing. The projection is called the
- A. buccal fat pad.
- B. epiglottis.
- C. uvula.
- D. palatine tonsil.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: uvula. The uvula is a teardrop-shaped projection from the posterior edge of the soft palate that elevates during swallowing to help close off the nasopharynx, preventing food or liquids from entering the nasal cavity. The uvula's contraction is essential for proper swallowing function.
A: Buccal fat pad - located in the cheek area, not involved in swallowing or closing off the nasopharynx.
B: Epiglottis - a flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway, not related to closing off the nasopharynx.
D: Palatine tonsil - located on the sides of the throat, important for immune function but not directly involved in swallowing or closing off the nasopharynx.
In the colon, which is benign and has no significant tendency to undergo malignant transformation?
- A. familial polyposis
- B. juvenile polyp
- C. villous adenoma
- D. carcinoid tumors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: juvenile polyp. Juvenile polyps are benign growths commonly found in the colon and rectum of children. They have no significant tendency to undergo malignant transformation due to their non-neoplastic nature. They are typically small, solitary, and have a smooth surface. Familial polyposis (choice A) is a hereditary condition characterized by numerous polyps in the colon, which can progress to colorectal cancer. Villous adenomas (choice C) are precancerous lesions with a higher risk of malignant transformation. Carcinoid tumors (choice D) are neuroendocrine tumors that can be found in various parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, and have the potential to be malignant.
The processes of chewing are referred to as _____.
- A. churning
- B. mastication
- C. peristalsis
- D. deglutition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mastication. Mastication refers to the mechanical process of chewing food in the mouth using the teeth and jaws. This process breaks down food into smaller pieces, making it easier to swallow and digest. Churning (A) is the mixing of food with digestive enzymes in the stomach. Peristalsis (C) is the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. Deglutition (D) is the process of swallowing food. Mastication is the most appropriate term for the process of chewing specifically.
Following a Billroth II procedure
- A. a patient develops dumping syndrome. The nurse should explain that the symptoms associated with this problem are caused by
- B. distention of the smaller stomach by too much food and fluid intake.
- C. hyperglycemia caused by uncontrolled gastric emptying into the small intestine.
- D. irritation of the stomach lining by reflux of bile salts because the pylorus has been removed.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dumping syndrome occurs when food moves too rapidly into the small intestine, causing fluid to shift into the bowel and leading to symptoms like nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping.