Nokea
Hemoglobin
- A. tends to release oxygen under warmer temperatures
- B. picks up more oxygen the higher its partial pressure.
- C. picks up more oxygen when it is saturated
- D. will give up oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher than it is in the lungs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because hemoglobin follows the principle of partial pressure, which states that gases move from areas of higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure. Therefore, hemoglobin will pick up more oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher, such as in the lungs. Choice A is incorrect because hemoglobin actually releases oxygen at higher temperatures. Choice C is incorrect because hemoglobin picks up oxygen when it is not fully saturated. Choice D is incorrect because hemoglobin releases oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher, not when it is lower.
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Residual volume in lungs of an average human is
- A. 500 ml
- B. 3-4.5 ml
- C. 1000 ml
- D. 1500 ml
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (1500 ml) because residual volume refers to the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation, which is around 1200-1500 ml in an average human. This volume is necessary to keep the alveoli inflated and prevent lung collapse. Choices A (500 ml), B (3-4.5 ml), and C (1000 ml) are incorrect because they do not accurately represent the typical residual volume in the lungs of an average human. Choice A is too low, choices B and C are significantly below the actual range of residual volume.
Phrenic nerve are
- A. in diaphragmatic area
- B. at c3 to c5
- C. Both A and B
- D. non
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and arises from cervical nerve roots C3 to C5. Choice C is correct as it accurately states that the phrenic nerve is located in the diaphragmatic area and originates from C3 to C5. Choice A is incorrect as it only mentions the diaphragmatic area without specifying the cervical levels. Choice B is incorrect as it only mentions the cervical levels without specifying the diaphragmatic area. Choice D is incorrect as the phrenic nerve does exist.
Which action should you take next?
- A. Reassure the client that the ventilator will do the work of breathing for her.
- B. Manually ventilate the client while you assess possible reasons for the high pressure alarm.
- C. Increase the FiO2 on the ventilator to 100% in preparation for endotracheal suctioning.
- D. Insert an oral airway to prevent the client from biting on the endotracheal tube.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. High pressure alarms and desaturation require immediate manual ventilation and assessment for causes. Reassurance (A) is insufficient. Increasing FiO2 (C) and inserting an oral airway (D) are secondary actions.
The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the concentration of
- A. carbon monoxide in the blood
- B. carbon dioxide in the blood
- C. oxygen in the blood
- D. carbonic acid in the blood
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: carbon dioxide in the blood. In the body, carbon dioxide levels are monitored by chemoreceptors in the brainstem. When carbon dioxide levels rise, it triggers an increase in breathing rate to expel excess carbon dioxide and restore the balance of gases in the blood. This process is known as the respiratory drive. Carbon monoxide (A) is a toxic gas that interferes with oxygen transport but does not directly affect breathing stimulus. Oxygen (C) levels in the blood are important for maintaining tissue oxygenation but do not directly regulate breathing. Carbonic acid (D) is a product of carbon dioxide and water, and its levels do not directly stimulate breathing.
Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths?
- A. Blood flow to the lungs decreases
- B. The resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases
- C. Changes in blood flow cause the foramen ovale to close
- D. Air enters the alveoli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because at birth, when an infant takes their first breaths, blood flow to the lungs increases due to the expansion of the pulmonary vasculature. This allows for proper oxygenation of the blood. Choice B is incorrect as the resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases to accommodate the increased blood flow to the lungs. Choice C is incorrect as changes in blood flow do cause the foramen ovale to close, ensuring proper circulation. Choice D is incorrect as air entering the alveoli is essential for oxygen exchange to occur in the lungs.