Nokea
TLR-3 detects viruses found in:
- A. Cytosol
- B. Extracellular space
- C. Endosomes
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TLR-3 detects viruses in endosomes. When a virus enters a host cell, it is often engulfed into endosomes. TLR-3 recognizes viral RNA within endosomes and triggers an immune response. Choices A and B are incorrect because TLR-3 does not detect viruses in the cytosol or extracellular space. Choice D is incorrect because TLR-3 specifically functions in endosomes to detect viral RNA.
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The best treatment for mononucleosis is:
- A. Antibiotics.
- B. Physical therapy.
- C. NSAIDs.
- D. Rest and fluids.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Mononucleosis is caused by a viral infection, so antibiotics are ineffective. Rest and fluids are the most effective treatments as they support the body's immune response and help manage symptoms like fatigue and dehydration.
A patient with advanced AIDS has a nursing diagnosis of impaired memory related to neurologic changes. In planning care for the patient, what should the nurse set as the highest priority?
- A. Maintain a safe patient environment
- B. Provide a quiet, nonstressful environment to avoid overstimulation
- C. Use memory cues such as calendars and clocks to promote orientation
- D. Provide written instructions of directions to promote understanding and orientation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Safety is paramount for cognitively impaired patients. Preventing falls and ensuring access to necessities takes precedence over other interventions.
Secondary lymphoid tissues are where:
- A. naïve lymphocytes become activated
- B. VDI gene rearrangement occurs
- C. Somatic hypermutation occurs
- D. Two of these options are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because secondary lymphoid tissues are where both A and C processes occur. Naïve lymphocytes become activated in secondary lymphoid tissues through interactions with antigens, leading to their differentiation into effector cells. Somatic hypermutation also occurs in secondary lymphoid tissues, specifically in germinal centers of lymph nodes, leading to the generation of high-affinity antibodies. Option B, VDI gene rearrangement, does not occur in secondary lymphoid tissues; it is a process that happens in the primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) during the development of lymphocytes. Thus, options A and C are correct, making the correct answer D.
The National Marrow Donor Program obtains hematopoietic stem cells from donors for recipients in need. When discussing this donation with the donor, what should the nurse know about these stem cells?
- A. They must come from an embryo or umbilical cord.
- B. These cells will form new blood cells for the recipient.
- C. Taking these cells will cause the donor to become anemic.
- D. These cells must be removed with a bone marrow aspiration.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hematopoietic stem cells donated through programs like the National Marrow Donor Program help generate new blood cells for recipients, aiding in treating various blood disorders.
Which organ is most commonly affected in sarcoidosis?
- A. Kidney
- B. Lungs
- C. Liver
- D. Thyroid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lungs. Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the lungs in about 90% of cases. This is due to the formation of granulomas, inflammatory nodules, in the lung tissue. Kidney (A), Liver (C), and Thyroid (D) are less commonly affected organs in sarcoidosis. Kidney involvement occurs in about 20-30% of cases, liver involvement in about 10-30% of cases, and thyroid involvement is relatively rare. Therefore, based on the prevalence of organ involvement in sarcoidosis, the lungs are the most commonly affected organ.