Nokea
When the clinic nurse starts to take the "air cast" off the grade 2 sprain, the patient asks why it is being removed since he still has pain. Which explanation is best?
- A. "Long-term immobilization can interfere with adequate circulation."
- B. "Long-term immobilization may increase long-term edema."
- C. "Long-term immobilization can cause permanent disability."
- D. "This cast will be replaced with a heavier cast."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because long-term immobilization can indeed cause permanent disability in the case of a grade 2 sprain. Prolonged immobilization can lead to muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, and decreased range of motion, which can result in long-term disability. Choice A is incorrect because adequate circulation is more related to prolonged immobilization, not short-term removal for evaluation. Choice B is incorrect as edema is a short-term concern and not a direct result of long-term immobilization. Choice D is incorrect as there is no indication that a heavier cast will be used.
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With respect to vaccination against a particular infectious disease 'herd immunity' refers to:
- A. The total number of people who are immunized in a given population
- B. The protection offered to non-immunized people when high rates of immunization prevent the pathogen from spreading
- C. The percentage of people who generate a protective response to the vaccine
- D. The tendency of people to choose to be vaccinated if close contacts (friends and family) have been vaccinated
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Herd immunity refers to the protection offered to non-immunized individuals when a high percentage of the population is immunized, preventing the pathogen from spreading easily. This is because when a large portion of the population is immune to a disease, it creates a barrier that reduces the overall transmission of the pathogen, thus protecting those who are not vaccinated or cannot be vaccinated.
Choice A is incorrect because herd immunity is not solely about the total number of immunized individuals, but rather about the impact on the entire population. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the efficacy of the vaccine in generating a protective response, not the concept of herd immunity. Choice D is incorrect as it relates to social influence rather than the collective protection provided by high rates of immunization.
Which compounds produced by microorganisms can cause fever in humans and can withstand autoclaving?
- A. endotoxin
- B. Lipid A
- C. lipopolysaccharide
- D. peptidoglycan
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is a component of bacterial cell walls that can trigger fever in humans. It is a sturdy molecule that can withstand autoclaving.
A: Endotoxin is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, not resistant to autoclaving.
B: Lipid A is the toxic component of endotoxin, not resistant to autoclaving.
C: Lipopolysaccharide is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, not resistant to autoclaving.
In mice, mutations of which of the following genes cause the 'scurfy' phenotype (scaly skin and multiple autoimmune disorders)?
- A. FOXP3
- B. AIRE
- C. NFkB
- D. IRF
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. FOXP3 gene encodes a transcription factor crucial for regulatory T cells function.
2. Mutations in FOXP3 lead to dysfunctional regulatory T cells, causing autoimmune disorders.
3. Scurfy phenotype matches the symptoms of autoimmune disorders seen with FOXP3 mutations.
Summary:
- B (AIRE): AIRE mutations cause autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, not scurfy phenotype.
- C (NFkB): NFkB is a transcription factor involved in immune response but not linked to scurfy phenotype.
- D (IRF): IRF is a regulator of interferon signaling, not directly associated with scurfy phenotype.
What drives the emergence of immuno-resistant pathogen strains?
- A. Host immune system failure
- B. Slow mutation rates in pathogens
- C. Rapid pathogen reproduction and mutations
- D. Absence of host immune adaptation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Rapid pathogen reproduction and mutations drive the emergence of immuno-resistant pathogen strains. This is because the high rate of reproduction allows for more opportunities for mutations to occur, some of which may confer resistance to the host's immune system or medical interventions. Slow mutation rates in pathogens (B) would not lead to the rapid emergence of resistant strains. Host immune system failure (A) occurs after the pathogen has already developed resistance. The absence of host immune adaptation (D) does not directly drive the emergence of resistant strains as it is the rapid reproduction and mutations of pathogens that play a crucial role.
TLR-3 detects viruses found in:
- A. Cytosol
- B. Extracellular space
- C. Endosomes
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TLR-3 detects viruses in endosomes. When a virus enters a host cell, it is often engulfed into endosomes. TLR-3 recognizes viral RNA within endosomes and triggers an immune response. Choices A and B are incorrect because TLR-3 does not detect viruses in the cytosol or extracellular space. Choice D is incorrect because TLR-3 specifically functions in endosomes to detect viral RNA.