Nokea
The term 'lymphocyte repertoire' refers to:
- A. The range of antigen receptor specificities found in a lymphocyte population
- B. The variety of effector functions that result from an adaptive immune response
- C. Antigen receptor specificities found on a given lymphocyte
- D. The collection of daughter cells produced when a lymphocyte divides after activation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the term 'lymphocyte repertoire' specifically refers to the range of antigen receptor specificities found in a lymphocyte population. Lymphocytes are immune cells that play a crucial role in recognizing and responding to antigens, and their diverse antigen receptor specificities allow them to recognize a wide range of pathogens. This term does not refer to effector functions (B) or a single lymphocyte's receptor specificities (C). Additionally, it does not describe the collection of daughter cells produced after division (D), as the repertoire refers to the initial diversity of antigen receptors within a lymphocyte population.
You may also like to solve these questions
Follicular dendritic cells
- A. Are found in the blood
- B. Are important for sustaining antibody responses
- C. Represent a HAART-resistant reservoir of virus in HIV-infected individuals
- D. Can activate naïve T lymphocytes
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but the question you provided does not have option E listed. Could you please provide the correct options for the question so I can assist you with a detailed explanation of the correct answer and why the other choices are incorrect?
Which of the following is an example of passive immunization?
- A. The protection against smallpox that is provided by inoculation with cowpox
- B. The rapid protection that is provided by the primary immune response to a vaccine
- C. The immune protection provided to an individual after receiving serum from someone previously exposed to a pathogen
- D. Immunization of a child under the supervision of a parent or guardian
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive immunization involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies to confer immediate protection. Choice C is correct as it describes receiving serum containing antibodies from an immune individual. Choice A is incorrect because it describes active immunization. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the primary immune response, which is part of active immunization. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the process of immunization itself, not passive immunization.
Which of the following is NOT true about live attenuated vaccines
- A. Usually effective at a single dose
- B. Expensive handling and storage
- C. Potential hazard due to reversion to a virulent form
- D. Able to induce only a humoral response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Able to induce only a humoral response. Live attenuated vaccines can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, not just humoral. This is because they mimic natural infection, leading to a broader immune response.
A: Usually effective at a single dose - This is true for live attenuated vaccines, as they often provide long-lasting immunity with just one dose.
B: Expensive handling and storage - Live attenuated vaccines can be more cost-effective due to fewer doses needed, not expensive.
C: Potential hazard due to reversion to a virulent form - This is a concern with live attenuated vaccines, as there is a risk of the weakened virus reverting to a virulent form.
Attenuated vaccines can be obtained by
- A. Passage through cultured cells
- B. Formaldehyde treatment
- C. The use of viral vectors carrying pathogen subunits
- D. All of the above treatments would lead to attenuated vaccines
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Passage through cultured cells. Attenuated vaccines are produced by weakening the pathogen through serial passages in cultured cells, reducing virulence while maintaining immunogenicity. Formaldehyde treatment (B) disrupts the pathogen's structure and is used for inactivated vaccines. The use of viral vectors carrying pathogen subunits (C) is a method for creating subunit vaccines, not attenuated vaccines. Therefore, D is incorrect as not all treatments lead to attenuated vaccines.
What is a primary characteristic of modern immunology?
- A. It relies solely on innate immunity concepts
- B. It builds on the pioneering work of Jenner, Pasteur, and others
- C. It focuses exclusively on tissue healing
- D. It is an ancient field of study with minimal current advancements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because modern immunology indeed builds on the groundbreaking contributions of scientists like Jenner and Pasteur. Their work laid the foundation for understanding concepts like vaccination and immune responses. Choice A is incorrect because modern immunology encompasses both innate and adaptive immunity. Choice C is incorrect as immunology extends beyond tissue healing to include immune responses to pathogens and self-cells. Choice D is incorrect as immunology is a rapidly evolving field with significant advancements in understanding immune mechanisms and developing new treatments.