Nokea
Antihistamines are used cautiously in older men with prostatic hypertrophy for which of the following reasons?
- A. Because these clients may experience increased drowsiness
- B. Because these clients may experience difficulty voiding
- C. Because these clients face a greater risk of cardiac arrest
- D. Because these clients have a lower autoimmune response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Antihistamines can cause urinary retention which is particularly problematic for older men with prostatic hypertrophy.
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Which mutated tumor suppressor gene is most likely to contribute to many types of cancer, including bladder, breast, colorectal, and lung?
- A. p53
- B. APC
- C. BRCA1
- D. BRCA2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The p53 gene is a critical tumor suppressor gene involved in preventing cancer by regulating the cell cycle and initiating apoptosis. Mutations in this gene are associated with many types of cancer.
Match the immunoglobulins with their primary functions:
- A. 1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D
- B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A
- C. 1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A
- D. 1-A, 2-D, 3-B, 4-C
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D. Immunoglobulins are antibodies with different functions:
1. IgG (C) - Main antibody in secondary immune response.
2. IgA (A) - Found in mucosal areas, neutralizes pathogens.
3. IgM (B) - First antibody produced in primary immune response.
4. IgE (D) - Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites. Other choices are incorrect as they mismatch the immunoglobulins with their functions.
What is the process called when a specific lymphocyte binds its antigen and proliferates?
- A. Clonal deletion
- B. Clonal selection
- C. Antigen presentation
- D. Cytokine signaling
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clonal selection. During clonal selection, a specific lymphocyte recognizes its specific antigen, binds to it, and undergoes proliferation to generate a large population of identical cells to combat the antigen efficiently. This process ensures an effective immune response.
Incorrect choices:
A: Clonal deletion - This process involves the elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmunity, not the proliferation of antigen-specific lymphocytes.
C: Antigen presentation - This is the process by which antigens are displayed to immune cells for recognition, not the proliferation of lymphocytes.
D: Cytokine signaling - While cytokines play a role in immune responses, they are not directly involved in the proliferation of lymphocytes in response to specific antigens.
Identify the incorrect statement in regard to immunoglobulins (Ig)
- A. Are made up of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains
- B. Cannot recognize conformational antigens on viral particles
- C. Can recognize only exposed epitopes of pathogens
- D. Expressed early during B cell development on the membrane of B cell precursors (pre- B cells)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because immunoglobulins can indeed recognize conformational antigens on viral particles. Immunoglobulins have variable regions that can bind to a wide range of antigen shapes. Choice A is correct as Ig structure consists of two light and two heavy chains. Choice C is incorrect as immunoglobulins can also bind to internal epitopes. Choice D is incorrect as Ig expression starts during the late B cell development stage.
Which TLR is primarily responsible for recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?
- A. TLR2
- B. TLR4
- C. TLR5
- D. TLR9
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: TLR4. TLR4 is primarily responsible for recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It forms a complex with MD-2 and CD14 to trigger downstream signaling pathways. TLR2 recognizes other microbial components such as lipoproteins. TLR5 recognizes flagellin, a component of bacterial flagella. TLR9 recognizes unmethylated CpG DNA motifs. Therefore, TLR4 is specifically involved in detecting LPS, making it the correct answer in this scenario.