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One of the most significant factors in determining when to start antiretroviral therapy in a patient with HIV infection is:
- A. Whether the patient has high levels of HIV antibodies
- B. Confirmation that the patient has contracted HIV infection
- C. The patient’s readiness to commit to a complex, lifelong, uncomfortable drug regimen
- D. Whether the patient has a support system to help manage the costs and side effects of the drugs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patient adherence is critical for successful antiretroviral therapy. Ensuring the patient is prepared to follow the regimen long-term improves outcomes.
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Which of the following lymphoid tissues has both hematopoietic and immune functions and acts as an emergency reservoir of blood and filters the blood as well?
- A. Tonsils and adenoids
- B. Thymus gland
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The spleen has both hematopoietic and immune functions acting as a blood filter and reservoir and plays a key role in removing old or damaged red blood cells.
The major histocompatibility complex was given its name because the genes in this complex influence:
- A. T cell receptor gene rearrangement
- B. Acceptance or rejection of transplanted organs and cells
- C. Polarization of T helper cells
- D. The ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in an individual
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a crucial role in the immune system by determining whether transplanted organs or cells will be accepted or rejected. MHC molecules present antigens to T cells, which then trigger an immune response leading to acceptance or rejection. Choice A is incorrect because T cell receptor gene rearrangement is not directly influenced by the MHC. Choice C is incorrect as MHC does not directly polarize T helper cells. Choice D is incorrect because MHC does not directly regulate the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in an individual.
For the patient with allergic rhinitis, which therapy should the nurse expect to be ordered first?
- A. Corticosteroids
- B. Immunotherapy
- C. Antipruritic drugs
- D. Sympathomimetic/decongestant drugs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sympathomimetic/decongestant drugs are often used first to relieve nasal congestion in allergic rhinitis.
What is the significance of HER2 positivity in breast cancer?
- A. Indicates aggressive tumor behavior and potential resistance to certain treatments
- B. Signifies slower tumor growth
- C. Indicates sensitivity to hormone therapy
- D. Denotes a benign tumor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: HER2 positivity signifies aggressive tumor behavior and potential resistance to certain treatments, requiring targeted therapies.
A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is admitted to the hospital for evaluation and management of acute joint inflammation. Which information obtained in the admission laboratory testing concerns you most?
- A. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level is elevated.
- B. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level is increased.
- C. The anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test is positive.
- D. The lupus erythematosus (LE) cell prep is positive.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An elevated BUN level may indicate kidney involvement which is a serious complication of SLE. The other findings are expected in SLE and do not indicate an urgent problem. CRP is a marker of inflammation and positive ANA and LE cell prep are diagnostic of SLE but do not indicate acute complications.