Nokea
Identify the growth factor that is released by cancer cells to create a capillary network that aids the cancer growth.
- A. macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- B. platelet derived growth factor
- C. tumor angiogenesis factor
- D. epidermal growth factor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, tumor angiogenesis factor. Cancer cells release this growth factor to promote the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) around the tumor, providing a supply of nutrients and oxygen to support their growth. This process is essential for cancer progression.
A: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in the production and differentiation of macrophages, not in angiogenesis.
B: Platelet-derived growth factor promotes cell growth and division, but it is not specifically responsible for angiogenesis in the context of cancer.
D: Epidermal growth factor is a signaling molecule that promotes cell proliferation and differentiation but is not the primary factor released by cancer cells to induce angiogenesis.
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Which of These is a Male Sex Hormone?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Androgens
- C. Pheromones
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Androgens. Androgens are male sex hormones responsible for male characteristics like facial hair growth and deepening of voice. Aldosterone (A) is a mineralocorticoid hormone, not a sex hormone. Pheromones (C) are chemical signals, not hormones. Insulin (D) is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, not related to sex characteristics. Therefore, B is the correct choice for a male sex hormone.
Which of the following is true about the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?
- A. A single hormone can target many different responses, whereas a nerve only targets a single response.
- B. Blood can carry all the same hormones throughout the body simultaneously, producing responses all over the body; nerve cells can only target a small number of cells.
- C. Nerve cells and blood work together. The endocrine has nothing to do with the nervous system.
- D. Endocrine hormones only target a very small number of precise responses.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream, allowing them to reach all parts of the body simultaneously and produce widespread responses. In contrast, the nervous system sends signals through nerve cells, which can only target a small number of specific cells. This difference in distribution and reach of signals is a key distinction between the endocrine and nervous systems.
Choice A is incorrect because a single hormone can indeed target multiple responses in different parts of the body, similar to how a nerve signal can affect multiple cells along its path.
Choice C is incorrect as nerve cells and the endocrine system can interact and influence each other's functions, such as in the case of stress response involving both systems.
Choice D is incorrect because endocrine hormones can have broad effects on various organs and tissues, not limited to a small number of precise responses.
The person with _____ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.
- A. myxedema
- B. Graves’ disease
- C. diabetes insipidus
- D. hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is commonly prescribed to individuals with diabetes to help regulate their blood sugar levels. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, Graves' disease (choice B) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) involves the kidneys and has no direct relation to insulin therapy for diabetes. Therefore, hyperglycemia is the most appropriate condition for receiving insulin therapy.
Which group is incorrect?
- A. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, growth hormone
- B. Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland: ADH, oxytocin
- C. Steroids: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, epinephrine
- D. Secretions of the gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because epinephrine is not a steroid hormone. Steroids are synthesized from cholesterol and have a specific chemical structure, while epinephrine is a catecholamine. Cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone are examples of steroid hormones, but epinephrine belongs to the class of catecholamines. Therefore, C is incorrect. A, B, and D are correct as they accurately list hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland, posterior pituitary gland, and gonads respectively.
Which of the following is most descriptive of cAMP?
- A. Second chemical messenger
- B. Catecholamine that contributes to the fight-or-flight response
- C. Steroid
- D. Releasing hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Second chemical messenger. cAMP is a second messenger in cellular signaling pathways, relaying signals from extracellular molecules to intracellular targets. It is not a catecholamine (B), steroid (C), or releasing hormone (D). Catecholamines are a class of neurotransmitters, steroids are lipids with different functions, and releasing hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of other hormones. Thus, the most descriptive term for cAMP is a second chemical messenger.