Nokea
1HIV transmission from mother to infant occur at post natal period during ________
- A. Bathing
- B. Bottlefeeding
- C. Washing of vagina
- D. Breastfeeding
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Breastfeeding. HIV transmission from mother to infant can occur through breast milk due to the presence of the virus in breast milk. Other choices such as A: Bathing, B: Bottlefeeding, and C: Washing of vagina do not involve direct contact with potentially infected body fluids like breast milk, making them less likely to transmit the virus. Breastfeeding is a well-documented mode of HIV transmission from mother to infant, hence it is the correct choice in this scenario.
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A patient presents with fever, chills, headache, and myalgia after returning from a trip to sub-Saharan Africa. Laboratory tests reveal intraerythrocytic ring forms and trophozoites on blood smear examination. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Plasmodium falciparum
- B. Trypanosoma cruzi
- C. Borrelia burgdorferi
- D. Leishmania donovani
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Plasmodium falciparum. Plasmodium falciparum is the most likely causative agent because the patient's symptoms of fever, chills, headache, and myalgia, along with the presence of intraerythrocytic ring forms and trophozoites on blood smear, are characteristic of malaria, particularly caused by P. falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa.
Summary of other choices:
B: Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, which presents with symptoms like fever, rash, and swelling at the site of entry, not consistent with the patient's presentation.
C: Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, which typically presents with a characteristic rash (erythema migrans) and arthritis, not matching the patient's symptoms.
D: Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis, which presents with symptoms like weight loss, hepatosplen
To assist them enhance their performance at work, the nurse manager should review regularly pertaining to the staff's
- A. Number of submitted incident report
- B. Academic performance in college
- C. Job description
- D. Family dynamics
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Job description is crucial for clarifying roles and responsibilities, ensuring staff understand their duties.
Step 2: Regular review of job descriptions helps align staff performance with organizational goals and expectations.
Step 3: It allows for identifying areas of improvement and providing necessary support and resources.
Step 4: Academic performance in college, family dynamics, and number of incident reports are not directly related to work performance.
Summary: Regularly reviewing staff job descriptions is essential for enhancing performance by clarifying roles, aligning expectations, and identifying areas for improvement. Other choices lack direct relevance to work performance.
Nurse Erika tap all the newly hired nurses to be members of her new project. she is observing the ethical principle of ________.
- A. Justice
- B. Nonmaleficence
- C. Autonomy
- D. Respect
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Justice. Nurse Erika is ensuring fairness by including all newly hired nurses in her project without discrimination. Justice in healthcare promotes equity and equal opportunities. Nonmaleficence (B) refers to the duty to do no harm, not relevant here. Autonomy (C) relates to respecting individuals' right to make decisions for themselves, not evident in the scenario. Respect (D) is important but not the primary ethical principle demonstrated here.
There is an outbreak of measles in some areas of the community where Nurse Rona is assigned. Which of the following-steps of an outbreak investigation should Nurse Rona and her team begin ?
- A. Identify and count cases.
- B. Define and identify cases.
- C. Verify diagnosis
- D. Prepare for field work.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Identify and count cases. In the initial stages of an outbreak investigation, it is crucial to identify and count cases to understand the scope and magnitude of the outbreak. By counting cases, Nurse Rona and her team can track the spread of the disease, identify common characteristics among those affected, and determine the extent of the outbreak. This step helps in guiding further investigation and control measures.
Summary of other choices:
B: Define and identify cases - While defining cases is important, it is not the initial step in outbreak investigation.
C: Verify diagnosis - Verifying diagnosis is important but comes after identifying and counting cases.
D: Prepare for field work - Field work is important in outbreak investigations, but it typically comes after the initial step of identifying and counting cases.
In as much as Almira complained of vaginal spotting and abdominal cramps, which among the following will the nurse anticipate as the MOST likely diagnosis of the physician after a vaginal examination?
- A. Eclampsia
- B. Threatened abortion
- C. Placenta previa
- D. Abruptio placenta
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Threatened abortion. Vaginal spotting and abdominal cramps are common symptoms of a threatened abortion, which occurs when there is a risk of miscarriage but the pregnancy remains viable. This diagnosis is likely after a vaginal examination to assess the cervix and presence of fetal heartbeat.
A: Eclampsia is characterized by seizures in pregnancy due to high blood pressure, not typically presenting with vaginal spotting and cramps.
C: Placenta previa involves the placenta covering the cervix, leading to painless vaginal bleeding, not associated with cramps.
D: Abruptio placenta is premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, manifesting as painful bleeding, not typically with vaginal spotting and cramps.