Nokea
A 1-year old boy presents with high grade fever and conjunctivitis for 4 days followed by generalized maculopapular rash. One of his elder siblings had similar complaints 10 days back. The most likely diagnosis is?
- A. Rubella
- B. Kawasaki disease
- C. Scarlet fever
- D. Measles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Measles presents with high-grade fever, conjunctivitis, and a maculopapular rash appearing after a few days of illness, often following a similar illness in a sibling.
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It is considered as the bluntly rounded portion of the heart
- A. Base
- B. Pericardium
- C. Aorta
- D. Apex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The apex is the bluntly rounded portion of the heart located at the bottom. It is formed by the tip of the left ventricle and points slightly downward and to the left. The apex is essential in detecting the point of maximum intensity of the heartbeat, known as the apical impulse or point of maximal impulse (PMI). This is where the heart beats closest to the chest wall and can be felt or heard during a physical examination. The base of the heart, on the other hand, is the broader superior part of the heart where the major blood vessels enter and exit. The pericardium is the tough sac enclosing the heart, and the aorta is the main artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body.
These facts are true regarding the developmental stage of preschool children EXCEPT
- A. handedness is achieved by 3 years of age
- B. boys are usually later than girls in achieving bladder control
- C. knowing gender by 4 years
- D. musturbation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Musturbation is not a recognized developmental milestone.
Which of the ff nursing interventions is required when caring for a client after cardiac surgery who is at risk for ineffective tissue perfusion?
- A. Restrict fluid intake
- B. Ensure that the client avoids prolonged sitting
- C. Position lower extremities below level of heart
- D. Instruct the client to avoid leg exercises
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When caring for a client after cardiac surgery who is at risk for ineffective tissue perfusion, it is important to promote optimal blood flow to the tissues. Positioning the lower extremities below the level of the heart helps to facilitate venous return and improve circulation to the extremities. This position helps reduce the workload on the heart and promotes better perfusion to the tissues, ultimately aiding in the prevention of complications related to ineffective tissue perfusion. The other options (A. Restrict fluid intake, B. Ensure that the client avoids prolonged sitting, D. Instruct the client to avoid leg exercises) are not directly related to improving tissue perfusion and may not be appropriate interventions in this situation.
The nurse caring for a 14-year-old girl with DI understands which of the following about this disorder?
- A. DI is treated on a short-term basis with hormone replacement therapy.
- B. DI may cause anorexia if proper meal planning is not addressed.
- C. DI is treated with vasopressin on a lifelong basis.
- D. DI requires strict fluid limitation until it resolves.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by the inability of the kidneys to conserve water, leading to excessive thirst and excretion of large volumes of dilute urine. Central DI, the most common form in children, is treated with a synthetic form of the hormone vasopressin, also known as desmopressin. Vasopressin helps the kidneys to retain water, thereby reducing urine output and preventing excessive dehydration. Since DI is a chronic condition, treatment with vasopressin is typically required on a lifelong basis to manage symptoms and prevent complications. It is important for healthcare providers to understand the long-term nature of DI treatment in order to provide appropriate care and support to patients with this condition.
You are discussing with medical students the role of chemotherapy in malignant germ cell tumors (GCTs); you state that GCTs are sensitive to some types of chemotherapy. Of the following, the MOST effective chemotherapeutic agent in GCTs is
- A. vincristine
- B. cyclophosphamide
- C. cisplatin
- D. methotrexate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cisplatin is a cornerstone in the treatment of germ cell tumors.