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A 17-month-old child should be expected to be in which stage, according to Piaget?
- A. Preoperations
- B. Concrete operations
- C. Tertiary circular reactions
- D. Secondary circular reactions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A 17-month-old is in the fifth stage of the sensorimotor phase, tertiary circular reactions. The child uses active experimentation to achieve previously unattainable goals. Preoperations is the stage of cognitive development usually present in older toddlers and preschoolers. Concrete operations is the cognitive stage associated with school-age children. The secondary circular reaction stage lasts from about ages 4 to 8 months.
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Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her parent finds her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. Which is the best interpretation of this behavior?
- A. Her cognitive development is delayed.
- B. This is typical behavior because toddlers are not very developed.
- C. This is typical behavior because of toddlers inability to transfer remembering to new situations.
- D. This is not typical behavior because toddlers should know better than to repeat an act that caused pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the tertiary circular reactions stage, children have only a rudimentary sense of the classification of objects. The appearance of an object denotes its function for these children. The slot of an outlet is for putting things into. This is typical behavior for a toddler, who is only somewhat aware of a causal relation between events. Her cognitive development is appropriate for her age.
The nurse is discussing with a parent group the importance of fluoride for healthy teeth. What should the nurse recommend?
- A. Determine whether the water supply is fluoridated.
- B. Use fluoridated mouth rinses in children older than 1 year.
- C. Give fluoride supplements to infants beginning at age 2 months.
- D. Brush teeth with fluoridated toothpaste unless the fluoride content of water supply is adequate.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The decision about fluoride supplementation cannot be made until it is known whether the water supply contains fluoride and the amount. It is difficult to teach toddlers to spit out mouthwash. Swallowing fluoridated mouthwashes can contribute to fluorosis. Fluoride supplementation is not recommended until after age 6 months and then only if the water is not fluoridated. Fluoridated toothpaste is still indicated if the fluoride content of the water supply is adequate, but very small amounts are used.
What developmental characteristic does not occur until a child reaches age 2 1/2 years?
- A. Birth weight has doubled.
- B. Anterior fontanel is still open.
- C. Primary dentition is complete.
- D. Binocularity may be established.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Usually by age 30 months, the primary dentition of 20 teeth is complete. Birth weight doubles at approximately ages 5 to 6 months. The anterior fontanel closes at ages 12 to 18 months. Binocularity is established by age 15 months.
The developmental task with which the child of 15 to 30 months is likely to be struggling is a sense of which?
- A. Trust
- B. Initiative
- C. Intimacy
- D. Autonomy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the developmental task of toddlers. Trust versus mistrust is the developmental stage of infancy. Initiative versus guilt is the developmental stage of early childhood. Intimacy and solidarity versus isolation is the developmental stage of early adulthood.
The parents of a 2-year-old child tell the nurse they are concerned because the toddler has started to use baby talk since the arrival of their new baby. What should the nurse recommend?
- A. Ignore the baby talk.
- B. Tell the toddler frequently, You are a big kid now.
- C. Explain to the toddler that baby talk is for babies.
- D. Encourage the toddler to practice more advanced patterns of speech.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Baby talk is a sign of regression in the toddler. Often toddlers attempt to cope with a stressful situation by reverting to patterns of behavior that were successful in earlier stages of development. It should be ignored while the parents praise the child for developmentally appropriate behaviors. Regression is childrens way of expressing stress. The parents should not introduce new expectations and allow the child to master the developmental tasks without criticism.