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A father tells the nurse that his daughter wants the same plate and cup used at every meal, even if they go to a restaurant. The nurse should explain that this is what?
- A. A sign the child is spoiled
- B. An attempt to exert unhealthy control
- C. Regression, which is common at this age
- D. Ritualism, an expected behavior at this age
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The child is exhibiting the ritualism, which is characteristic at this age. Ritualism is the need to maintain sameness and reliability. It provides a sense of structure and comfort to the toddler. It will dictate certain principles in feeding practices, including rejecting a favorite food because it is served in a different container. This does not indicate the child has unreasonable expectations but rather is part of normal development. Ritualism is not regression, which is a retreat from a present pattern of functioning.
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Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her parent finds her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. Which is the best interpretation of this behavior?
- A. Her cognitive development is delayed.
- B. This is typical behavior because toddlers are not very developed.
- C. This is typical behavior because of toddlers inability to transfer remembering to new situations.
- D. This is not typical behavior because toddlers should know better than to repeat an act that caused pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the tertiary circular reactions stage, children have only a rudimentary sense of the classification of objects. The appearance of an object denotes its function for these children. The slot of an outlet is for putting things into. This is typical behavior for a toddler, who is only somewhat aware of a causal relation between events. Her cognitive development is appropriate for her age.
What factor is most important in predisposing toddlers to frequent infections?
- A. Respirations are abdominal.
- B. Pulse and respiratory rates in toddlers are slower than those in infants.
- C. Defense mechanisms are less efficient than those during infancy.
- D. Toddlers have short, straight internal ear canals and large lymph tissue.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Toddlers continue to have the short, straight internal ear canals of infants. The lymphoid tissue of the tonsils and adenoids continues to be relatively large. These two anatomic conditions combine to predispose toddlers to frequent infections. The abdominal respirations and lowered pulse and respiratory rate of toddlers do not affect their susceptibility to infection. The defense mechanisms are more efficient compared with those of infancy.
What do the psychosocial developmental tasks of toddlerhood include?
- A. Development of a conscience
- B. Recognition of sex differences
- C. Ability to get along with age mates
- D. Ability to delay gratification
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: If the need for basic trust has been satisfied, then toddlers can give up dependence for control, independence, and autonomy. One of the tasks that toddlers are concerned with is the ability to delay gratification. Development of a conscience and recognition of sex differences occur during the preschool years. The ability to get along with age mates develops during the preschool and school-age years.
The parents of a 2-year-old child tell the nurse they are concerned because the toddler has started to use baby talk since the arrival of their new baby. What should the nurse recommend?
- A. Ignore the baby talk.
- B. Tell the toddler frequently, You are a big kid now.
- C. Explain to the toddler that baby talk is for babies.
- D. Encourage the toddler to practice more advanced patterns of speech.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Baby talk is a sign of regression in the toddler. Often toddlers attempt to cope with a stressful situation by reverting to patterns of behavior that were successful in earlier stages of development. It should be ignored while the parents praise the child for developmentally appropriate behaviors. Regression is childrens way of expressing stress. The parents should not introduce new expectations and allow the child to master the developmental tasks without criticism.
What is a characteristic of a toddlers language development at age 18 months?
- A. Vocabulary of 25 words
- B. Use of holophrases
- C. Increasing level of understanding
- D. Approximately one third of speech understandable
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the second year of life, the understanding and understanding of speech increase to a level far greater than the childs vocabulary. This is also true for bilingual children, who are able to achieve this linguistic milestone in both languages. An 18-month-old child has a vocabulary of approximately 10 words. At this age, the child does not use the one-word sentences that are characteristic of 1-year-old children. The child has a very limited vocabulary of single words that are comprehensible.